@article {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Effect of pre-weaning milk allowance on post-weaning behaviour of heifer calves on pasture},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {84-86},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to assess how pre-weaning milk allowance influences the grazing and rumination behaviour of dairy heifers on pasture after weaning. Group-housed heifer calves (n=28) were fed milk replacer at a low-allowance (LA; 10\% of initial live weight), high-allowance (HA; 20\% of initial live weight), and ad-libitum (ADLIB; free access) until 93 days of age. Heifers were then given access to pasture at 100 days of age, and were observed at 101, 108, 122 and 127 days of age. At 101 days of age, LA calves spent more time ruminating than HA and ADLIB calves, and spent less time grazing than HA calves (P<0.05). The time spent on each activity in subsequent weeks was the same among treatments. This indicates that any differences in foraging and rumination behaviour caused by pre-weaning milk allowance disappeared within a few weeks after weaning. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Groenendijk ME and Lowe K and Schreurs NM and Khan MA}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Growth performance of crossbred dairy calves fed different milk allowances using an automatic feeding system},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {21-25},
	address = {Lincoln},
	abstract = {The impact of feeding different levels of milk replacer via automated feeders on intake and growth was assessed in calves. Heifer
calves (Holstein {\texttimes} Jersey; n=198; 11{\textpm}4 days old) were randomly allocated to low-allowance (LA; n=67; calves were fed milk
replacer at 10\% of initial live weight), high-allowance (HA; n=65; calves were fed milk replacer at 20\% of initial live weight),
and ad-libitum (ADLIB; n=66; calves were given ad libitum access to milk replacer). Pelleted calf starter was provided ad libitum
and daily individual intake of milk replacer and calf starter was measured via automated feeders. Calves were gradually weaned
from 69{\textpm}2 days over 14 days. Average daily weight gain during pre-weaning was the highest (P<0.05) for ADLIB (0.69{\textpm}0.02 kg/
day), followed by HA (0.61{\textpm}0.02 kg/day) and LA (0.54{\textpm}0.02 kg/day) calves. Calf starter intake was the lowest (P<0.05) in ADLIB
calves followed by HA and LA calves. The ADLIB calves had the lowest (P<0.05) calf starter intake during the week after milk
weaning but it did not affect the live weight of calves. In conclusion, provision of more milk promoted pre-weaning growth, and
restricted milk feeding to trigger solid feed intake failed to match that growth advantage.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Groenendijk ME and Lowe K and Schreurs NM and Molenaar AJ and McCoard SA and Luo D and Khan MA}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {The impact of different management systems on behaviour and milk production of dairy ewes in different stages of lactation; a case study},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {116-121},
	address = {Lincoln},
	abstract = {Comparisons of New Zealand dairy sheep farm systems are currently lacking. The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate
the effects of different management systems on the behaviour and milk production of East Friesian cross-bred sheep at different
stages of lactation. Two study groups were evaluated. In study group 1, a mob of 479 mixed-age, mid-lactation ewes were housed
24 h/day, and a separate mob of 473 mixed-age, mid-lactation ewes were managed in a hybrid system (housed between morning
and afternoon milkings; grazed lucerne overnight). Both received a total mixed ration (TMR) indoors. In study group 2, a mob of
604 mixed-age, late-lactation ewes grazed pasture 24 h/day, and a separate mob of 452 mixed-age late-lactation ewes were in a
hybrid system, grazing pasture overnight. For both study groups, individual milk yield, walking distance, lying time, live weight
(LW), and body condition score (BCS) were recorded. All sheep gained BCS and LW except fully grazed late-lactation ewes. For
study group 1, fully housed ewes in mid-lactation lay down less during the day, but more overnight compared to those in the hybrid
system, likely due to the latter grazing overnight. Lying bout times were similar between groups, while milk yield was 29\% less
in housed ewes compared to the hybrid ewes. For study group 2, grazing ewes in late-lactation lay down more, had longer lying
bouts, and walked further daily than those in the hybrid system, but both late-lactation treatment groups had similar milk yields.
In summary, the hybrid management system seems to improve milk yield in mid-lactation compared to the fully housed system,
whereas there was no difference between the hybrid and fully grazed systems in late-lactation. Lying behaviour and walking
distances (group 2 only) differed among different systems, however, it is unclear what this means in terms of animal welfare, and
warrants further investigation.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bliss AE and Chylinski C and Luo D and Sch{\"u}tz KE and Lowe K and Peterson SW and Stevens D and MacDonald T and McCoard SA}
}
@conference {60975,
	title = {Urinary nitrogen excretion from cows at different stage of lactation grazing different ryegrass cultivars during spring or autumn},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {196-200},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {The effects of season (spring or autumn) and stage of lactation (early or late) on the partitioning of dietary nitrogen (N) between milk and urine were measured in experiments in which cows grazed forages with putative differences in the ratio of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) to crude protein (CP). Sixty cows (n = 30 for each stage of lactation) grazed one of three forages during spring and autumn. Forage treatments consisted of a {\textquoteright}standard{\textquoteright} perennial ryegrass (STG) and two ryegrasses with high WSC concentrations: a perennial {\textquoteright}high sugar{\textquoteright} ryegrass (HSG), and an annual ryegrass (IRG). In spring, grass type had a significant effect on the estimated urinary N excretion. Both the HSG and STG resulted in greater N excretion compared to the IRG, due to the low CP concentration in this forage in one of the grazing periods. In autumn, cows grazing STG excreted less urinary N than both HSG and IRG. In both seasons, cows in early lactation secreted more N into milk but were not different in N excretion. In early lactation cows, the extra N in milk was only a small proportion of the potential N intake arising from higher CP content in autumn grasses. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Pacheco D and Lowe K and Burke JL and Cosgrove GP}
}
