@conference {89257,
	title = {Cows becoming clinically lame differ in changes in behaviour and physiology compared to cows that do not become clinically lame},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2013},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {5-10},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {<p>The hypothesis that sensors can detect changes in behaviours and physiologiesassociated with cows becoming clinically lame was tested by comparing trends of sensor data from lame cows with non-lame cows. Sensor data included data from live weighing scales, pedometers (average steps per hour) and milk meters collected between November 2010 and June 2012 on five Waikato dairy farms. Farmers were trained in detecting and diagnosing lame cows. For each lameness event (n = 318 events affecting 292 cows) a time period of 14 days prior to the day ofdetection was randomly matched by farm and date to 10 non-lame cows. In this period, lame cows decreased in weight, steps taken per hour, milk yield in the first two minutes of milking, total milk yield, and milking duration. Lame cows also entered the milking platform later. In comparison, non-lame cows had no change in sensor data trends. These differences (P \&lt;0.05) in sensor data trends imply potential value of sensor data in detecting lameness automatically. Large variations in sensor data values between and within lame and non-lame cows indicated that future research should focus on combinations of variables that show the best potential to detect lameness automatically.</p>
},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Kamphuis C and Burke JK and Jago JG}
}
@conference {89262,
	title = {Estimating 24-hour milk,fat and protein yields and somatic cell count for automatically milked cows in pastoral production systems},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2013},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {29-32},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {<p>Currently, there are no accepted methods for conducting herd tests on farms using fully automated milking systems in New Zealand. This study used data from the DairyNZ Greenfield pasture-based automatic milking research farm to evaluate six milksampling protocols to estimate daily milk, fat and protein yield and somatic cell count (SCC). Total milk, fat and protein yield, and SCC were estimated using all samples collected within 12, 16, 18, 24 and 36 hours from the start of the herd test and for a single test-day sample and compared with values calculated from a 48-hour gold standard herd test day. The correlation coefficient for milk and protein yields were relatively consistent when the sampling interval was shortened to 12 hours (r = 0.95, r = 0.94 for 12 hour milk yield and 12 hour protein yield). However, for fat yield it reduced from 0.96 for a 36 hour sampling interval to 0.88 for a 12 hour interval. The number of cows without a milking increased from 6.7\% to 27.8\% when the sampling interval decreased from 36 to 12 hour. A 24 hour sampling interval provided high correlations for milk, fat and protein yields, and SCC, with a 48 hour gold standard and minimised the number of missed cows.</p>
},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Jago JG and Burke JK}
}
@conference {69529,
	title = {Improving the power of activity-based heat detection using additional automatically captured data},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {299-302},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {The purpose of this study was to determine the current performance of activity monitoring devices on New Zealand pasture-based farms and investigate the potential for improved detection using additional automatically captured data. The data consisted of heat events that were assigned from pregnancy diagnosis and mating records, and from milk progesterone levels collected twice weekly during mating period. Daily milk production, milking order, milk flow rate and milk conductivity records were also collected during the mating period. The best single predictor of oestrus was 24 hour milk yield difference (P <0.01) for Herd 1 and normalised milking order (P <0.01) for Herd 2. The normalised pedometer data was the next best predictor of oestrus in both herds (P <0.01). A linear logistic regression model was fitted within each herd. The best model included normalised milk production, milking order, milk flow rate and pedometer variables. Machine learning models with balanced bagging were also fitted to the data. The machine learning models provided a better fit than traditional statistical models. Pedometer data can aid in the detection of cow oestrus, however the power of detection improves significantly with the addition of milk yield, milk flow and milking order data.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Harris BL and Hempstalk K and de le Rue BT and Jago JG and McGowan JE}
}
@conference {60932,
	title = {Strategically reducing time on pasture: Dairy cow intake, production, welfare, and excretory behaviour},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {15-19},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {In wet spring conditions, cows are often stood off pasture reducing their pasture intake. However, studies indicate that despite reduced grazing access, pasture intake and milk production can be maintained. This study restricted daily grazing access to eight hours in early lactation to determine the effect on pasture intake, milk production, and urination distribution. Forty-eight Holstein-Friesian cows were allocated to three duplicated treatments. Cows had access to pasture for either four hours after each milking (2x4), eight hours between milkings (1x8), or for 24 hours, excluding milking times (Control). When not grazing, the 2x4 and 1x8 treatments were stood off on a bark pad. The 1x8 cows ate less pasture (10.9 kgDM/cow/d; P <0.05) than the Control (13.6 kgDM/cow/d), but the 2x4 intake (13.0 kgDM/cow/d; P = 0.46) was not different to the Control. The 1x8 and 2x4 cows produced less milk (20.2 and 21.5 kg milk/cow/d respectively; P <0.05), relative to the Control (23.3 kg milk/cow/d). Urinations on pasture and races were reduced (P <0.05) from 90\% (Control) to 62\% (1x8) and 65\% (2x4) of total urinations. Eight-hours grazing per day should be offered as two four-hour periods to maintain cow pasture intakes, although milk yields are reduced. Corresponding changes in urination distribution may have environmental benefits. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McLeod KLM and Clark CEF and Glassey CB and Gregorini P and Costall DA and Betteridge K and Jago JG}
}
@conference {41967,
	title = {Validation of a technology for objectively measuring behaviour in dairy cows and its application for oestrous detection},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {136-142},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Wanaka},
	abstract = {Devices (IceTag{\textregistered}ActivityMonitor) using accelerometer technology to determine the behaviour of cows (proportion of time lying, standing, active and step count) were attached to 15 cows (2 per cow) and validated between devices and against observed behaviour. For standing and active, 95\% of paired (within cow) one minute data points were within 7\% points, 95\% of the lying data points were within 1\% point, and 95\% of stepping data were within 3 steps. The device recorded 100\% of lying bouts within {\textpm}1 minute of visually observed data. In a second experiment, 16 lactating dairy cows were fitted with IceTag{\textregistered}s and the relationship between behaviour profiles and oestrus evaluated. Blood progesterone concentration and twicedaily visual observations were used to identify precisely ovulation events and four algorithms, based on active and lying behaviour, were developed. A 24 hour rolling mean of activity and a slope threshold of 0.2 calculated for either the previous 10 hours (Activity24/10) or 5 hours (Activity24/5) correctly identified 93\% of oestrous events, with 21\% and 18\% false positive alerts, respectively. Two further algorithms, Lying<20\% or Active>5.5\% between midnight and 05:00hrs identified 50\% and 64\% of oestrous events, with 36\% and 18\% false positive alerts, respectively. In a third experiment using 30 cows, 56 oestrous events were identified through milk progesterone profiles and  visual observation. Algorithm Activity24/10 and Activity24/5 identified 84\% and 76\% of oestrous events respectively. The IceTag{\textregistered}accurately recorded several types of cattle behaviour suggesting useful applications as both a research and industry tool.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McGowan JE and Burke CR and Jago JG}
}
@conference {41655,
	title = {An economic evaluation of automatic milking systems for New Zealand dairy farms},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {263-269},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {An economic analysis for automatic milking for a medium sized farm set up to milk 450 cows and installing either a 40-bail rotary dairy with automated cup removal and drafting or a 5-unit Greenfield system is evaluated. The analysis used a model that incorporated findings from the previous 5 years of research and development at the Greenfield automatic milking project and used physical and financial data collected in Dexcel{\textquoteright}s 2003/04 Economic Farm Survey for the conventional milking system comparison. The model assumed a payout of $4.25/kg milk solids (MS) and used current cost of technology. Once cows were established into the Greenfield System, the cost of producing 1 kg MS was 27\% higher than for the conventional rotary system. This was due to higher interest, depreciation and service contract costs, despite the lower labour, cow health and dairy costs. Sensitivity analysis showed that when other factors were held constant a 70\% decrease in capital cost or a more than two-fold increase in cow throughput was required for the Greenfield System to be as economic as the rotary system. Alternatively combining future improvements in AMS technology and farm system development including improved throughput to 112 cows/AMS, a 25\% decrease in milk harvesting system capital cost, equivalent production and a 10\% increase in the cost of labour produce a similar economic performance for the two systems. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Jago JG and Davis KL and Newman M and Woolford MW}
}
@conference {41905,
	title = {Mastitis in cows milked in an automated or conventional milking system in New Zealand},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {252-257},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {The viability of automated milking systems (AMS) for pasture-based dairying has been studied in New Zealand in the past four years. Automatic milking differs from conventional milk harvesting systems (CMS) in a number of ways, which may impact on udder health. These include fewer machines/cow, distributed vs. batch milking, variable milking intervals, automatic udder health monitoring systems, and pre and post-milking teat sanitation procedures. Three seasons of data from two pasture-based research farms that milked cows with either a two unit AMS or a 30 bail rotary CMS were compared. Quarter milk samples were collected routinely from all cows for bacteriological analysis during the 2002-03, 2003-04 and 2004-05 seasons, with sampling occurring throughout lactation and at detection of clinical mastitis (CM) cases. The number of cows in the AMS herd ranged from 94 to 196 and in the CMS herd, from 289 to 324 across the seasons. Clinical mastitis affected 7, 11, and 15 cows/100 cows/season in the AMS herd and 24, 23 and 14 cows/100 cows/season in the CMS across the three seasons, with Streptococcus uberis isolated from approximately 50\% of CM cases from both herds. Prevalence of S. uberis post-calving averaged 8\% of cows for the AMS and 16\% for the CMS across the three seasons. We compared several indicators of udder health between an AMS and a CMS herd managed under pastoral conditions. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lopez-Benavides MG and Williamson JH and McGowan JE and Lacy-Hulbert SJ and Jago JG and Davis KL and Woolford MW}
}
@conference {41654,
	title = {Stage of lactation affects the milking performance and behaviour of cows in a pasture-based automated milking system},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {258-262},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {The successful implementation of automatic milking (AM) technology in pastoral dairy systems is dependent on the regular voluntary passage of cows from the grazing area to the dairy. A herd of 94 cows at the Dexcel Greenfield research farm was observed during a 31-day period to determine the effect of stage of lactation on milking performance and behaviour. Sixty-five cows were spring calved (late lactation, average 266 days in milk) and 29 were autumn calved (early lactation, average 19 days in milk). Cows were grazed as one herd in a rotational grazing management system with a fresh area of pasture available twice daily. Early lactation cows had a shorter average milking interval (14.6 vs 20.4 hours, p < 0.001) and a higher average daily production (20.0 vs 7.0 kg milk/cow/day, p < 0.001). They visited the selection units (from which they could gain access to water, fresh pasture and the raceway to the dairy housing the AM units) more often than cows late in lactation (2.8 vs 1.8 visits/cow/day, p < 0.001) and had a quicker transit time between pasture and the AM units (2.2 vs 2.7 hours/cow/milking, p = 0.026). Fewer early lactation cows needed to be manually moved from the grazing area for milking. The data indicates that stage of lactation will be a significant factor to consider when developing management systems for combining grazing with automatic milking. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Jago JG and Davis KL and Woolford MW}
}
@conference {41569,
	title = {The drinking behaviour of dairy cows in late lactation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {209-214},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {The drinking behaviour of grazing cows was investigated in two studies with the purpose of determining the suitability of using water intake as a motivator for voluntary movement of cows within a pasture-based automatic milking system (AMS). In the first study 100 mixed-age Jersey cows in late lactation were observed for 48 h. Cows drank on average 2.4 times/24 h (range: 1-6) and usually alone or with one or two other animals. Although every cow drank at least twice during the 48 h, 31\% of cows recorded an interval between drinks > 24 h. Less than 1\% of drinking occurred between 2000 h and 0700 h. The second study compared the drinking behaviour of Overseas (OS) and New Zealand (NZ) Holstein Friesian cows that were either grazing pasture (GRASS) or fed a Total Mixed Ration (TMR). TMR cows drank more often (5.2 times/24 h) than GRASS cows (3.5 times/24 h, P < 0.001). Feed type altered the distribution of drinking with 76.8 \% of TMR cows drinking between 2000 h and 0700 h compared with only 24.5\% for GRASS. Water intake was also higher for TMR (73.0 L/cow/day) compared with GRASS (53.7 L/cow/day) animals. The studies showed that the individual nature of drinking behaviour would be aligned with the AMS objectives of distributed rather than batch milking. However, the small number of cows drinking during darkness when grazing indicates that water intake would need to be used in combination with other motivators to ensure a continuous flow of cows to the dairy.
KEYWORDS: drinking behaviour; grazing; dairy cows; automatic milking. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Jago JG and Roche JR and Kolver ES and Woolford MW}
}
@conference {41833,
	title = {Factors influencing milk harvesting efficiency in an automatic milking system},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {271-275},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Maximising milk harvested per robot is an important goal of pasture-based automatic milking systems (AMS). Results are presented from an analysis of 2937 cow milkings in a year-round milking system during January 2003 at the Dexcel Automatic farm (average herd size = 75 cows). Each cow milking was classified as OK (yield > 80\% of expected yield, EY), Yield Carry Over (YCO, 20\% < yield < 80\% EY), or Failed (F, yield < 20\% EY). The time and duration (from entry to exit from crate) of each cow milking was determined, as well as milk yield, and from these milk harvesting rate was calculated. There were an average of 95.8 cow milkings/day, average milking frequency was 1.13 milkings/cow/day (range 0.9 {\textendash} 1.9 milkings/cow/day). Eighty-four percent of milkings were classified as OK, 8.9\% as YCO and 7.1\% as F (after which the cow was returned to the yard for another attempt). Milking times {\textpm} SD (F = 3.76 {\textpm} 2.57, YCO = 7.63 {\textpm} 3.31, OK = 10.07 {\textpm} 4.09 minutes/event) and milk harvesting rate (F = 0.09, YCO = 0.76 and OK = 1.37 kg/minute) suggest that failed milkings were costly in terms of time. The data show potential for improving the 24 h milk harvest per AMS through cow selection, a more consistent flow of cows through the AMS and technological improvements.
KEYWORDS: milk harvesting efficiency; automatic milking systems; grazing; dairy cows. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Davis KL and Jago JG and Wieliczko R and Copeman PJA and Bright K and Woolford MW}
}
@conference {41825,
	title = {Predicting next oestrous date and drafting automatically milked cows for focused attention on oestrous detection},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {231-235},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {The autumn-calving herd at the Dexcel Automatic milking farm was used to test a system of predicting next oestrous date for individual cows and automatically drafting them for focused observation of behavioural oestrus. During the first 21 days of artificial inseminations (AI), the automatic milking system was programmed to draft cows into a holding paddock on each of three days either side of the due date for next oestrus, which was predicted from oestrous dates and milk progesterone concentrations collected prior to the planned start of mating. Cows drafted into the holding paddock were visually checked in the morning, released if not in oestrus or retained if in oestrus for AI later in the morning. The remainder of the herd was also visually checked for oestrus in the morning and afternoon. During the first 21 days of mating, 29 of the 37 cows (78\%) were inseminated, and 22 (76\%) of these were inseminated within the predicted {\textquoteleft}six-day separation window{\textquoteright}. Of these 22 cows, 15 (68\%) were detected as being in oestrus after being drafted into the holding paddock. A system for drafting cows due to be in oestrus for focused observation is achievable in practice, although improved performance will be necessary to reach the desired level of reliability.
KEYWORDS: oestrous detection; automation; dairy cattle. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Burke CR and Davis KL and Jago JG}
}
@conference {41420,
	title = {Diet and genotype affect feeding behaviour of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows during late lactation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {124-127},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {Ingestive behaviour of New Zealand (NZ) and overseas (OS) Holstein-Friesian (HF) dairy cows grazing pasture only or fed a total mixed ration (TMR) was observed in late lactation. Data from visual observations every 10 minutes over a 48-h period were used to evaluate differences in time spent feeding, ruminating, standing and lying. OS HF and cows fed TMR had greater dry matter intakes (DMI) than their respective comparisons. Cows grazing pasture spent more time feeding, less time ruminating, less time standing and the same time lying, compared to cows fed TMR. OS HF spent less time feeding, the same time ruminating, the same time standing, and more time lying compared to NZ HF. When expressed in terms of DMI, OS HF took less time to consume a kg of DM, and spent less time ruminating each kg of DM compared to NZ HF, irrespective of diet. A genotype x diet interaction was observed for time spent standing, with NZ HF spending more time standing when fed TMR, but standing for a similar time as OS HF when grazing. These results suggest feeding and grazing behaviour differences between HF cows of differing genotype, but similar breeding worth. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Thorne PL and Jago JG and Kolver ES and Roche JR}
}
@conference {40897,
	title = {Evaluation of a vaccine to control bull behaviour},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {91-95},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {To determine the effect of Vaxstrate{\textregistered}, an anti-GnRH vaccine, on the development of bull behaviour, 90 Friesian bull calves were either castrated at 2 months of age (steers, S), immunised against GnRH at 2, 2.5, 4 and 7.5 months of age (immunocastrates, I2), at 4, 4.5 and 7.5 months of age (I4), at 7.5 and 8 months of age (I7.5), or left intact (bulls, B). Immunocastration delayed the prepubertal increase in testosterone. There were no differences in behaviour between immunocastration treatments. Mounting behaviour and paddock damage for immunocastrates and steers were lower than for bulls until 13 months of age, after which there was no difference between immunocastrates and bulls, and both were higher than steers. Bulls had a higher frequency of agonistic behaviour than both immunocastrates and steers; there was no difference between immunocastrates and steers until 16 months of age, when immunocastrates scored higher than steers. Immunisation against GnRH before puberty temporarily delayed the development of sexual and agonistic behaviour of young bulls and could provide a practical alternative to traditional methods used to control bull behaviour. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Jago JG and Bass JJ and Matthews LR}
}
@conference {40868,
	title = {A comparison of two methods of castration of post-pubertal beef cattle and their effect on behaviour, growth and ultimate pH},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {394-397},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {This study aimed to evaluate the effect of surgical and  immunocastration of post-pubertal beef cattle on their sexual and aggressive  behaviour, growth and meat quality. Forty mixed-breed bulls were assigned  to one of four treatments (n = 10): steers (S) castrated at 11 months of age,  late castrates (LC) surgically castrated at 17 months of age (Day 1),  immunocastrates (I) vaccinated against GnRH at 17 months of age (Day 1)  and entire bulls (B). Sexual and aggressive behaviour was monitored at  monthly intervals and prior to slaughter, animals were weighed and blood  sampled fortnightly. All treatments were slaughtered at 22 months of age  after which carcass composition and meat quality (pHu) were assessed.  Plasma testosterone concentrations declined to the level of steers by Day 14  for late castrates and by Day 28 for immunocastrates and remained lower  than for entire bulls through to slaughter. Entire bulls had a heavier hot  carcass weight (HCW) than I, LC and S. Immunocastrates were heavier than  LC and S. Treatment had no effect on pHu although late castrates tended to  have a higher mean pHu than immunocastrates and steers. From Day 0 to  slaughter, rates of sexual and aggressive behaviour declined significantly for  bulls, late castrates and immunocastrates to be similar to steers. There was a  tendency for bulls to show higher levels of both sexual and aggressive  behaviour during lairage.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Jago JG and Matthews L and Bass JJ and Knight TW}
}
@conference {40708,
	title = {The effect of immunological castration on behaviour and growth of young bulls},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {190-192},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Jago JG and Lasenby RR and Trigg TE and Claxton PD and Matthews LR and Bass JJ}
}
