@article {3672,
	title = {REVIEW: Critiquing the relationship between body condition and animal welfare},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	pages = {39-44},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {Body condition has long been used when assessing animal health and productivity, both important indicators of animal welfare;
however, assessments of animal welfare must also consider the extent to which animals{\textquoteright} emotional needs are met. New Zealand{\textquoteright}s
codes of welfare focus on using body condition score as a measure of emaciation, requiring action to be taken at very low scores and
generally recommending higher scores. In anticipation of future code reviews, the National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee
is exploring our understanding of body condition as a measure of welfare, with a view to incorporating standards that also take
account of animals{\textquoteright} affective or emotional states. Most of the scientific literature appears related to optimising animal health and
production and body condition score is a good indicator of an animal{\textquoteright}s energy reserves. While affective or emotional state may
be more difficult to assess, thinner animals seem more motivated to feed as they spend more time foraging and consume more
feed than {\textquoteleft}better{\textquoteright} conditioned animals. In addition, animals losing condition were more interested, anxious or excited, suggesting
higher feeding motivation and possibly hunger. A more nuanced understanding is needed that considers the circumstances of the
animal; what individual animals are feeling; and that body condition per se may not necessarily reflect hunger. In addition, the
stage at which compromises to body condition are deemed unreasonable or unnecessary, and the reserves required in extensive
environments, suggest more complex research, regulatory and non-regulatory understandings and interventions will be required.

Keywords: body condition; survival; production; health; behaviour; feelings; animal-welfare standards},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW and Sch{\"u}tz KE and Verkerk}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Relationships between deer temperament and production traits},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {32-36},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {It is well-recognised by producers that the temperament of farmed deer (Cervus elaphus spp.) influences how they respond to management practices, such as transport and yarding, but less is known about how temperament influences productivity. This study aimed to investigate relationships among temperament and production parameters by analysing a data set (n=1647) of rising one-year-old deer. Four production categories (growth, immune function, eye muscle and reproduction) and five measures of temperament were recorded from weaning until either pre-slaughter or after first mating (3 to 12 or 18 months of age) at different ages depending on the trait. Temperament traits had low heritability estimates (h2=0.01 to 0.17, P>0.05), indicating genetic selection for these traits would be slow. The temperament traits of animals were generally consistent from weaning (at 3 months) until slaughter (at 10-12 months). Animals that were calm and easy to handle grew faster and may have better immune function compared to animals that were more agitated in the presence of humans. More research is needed to investigate the relationships between temperament, immune function, reproduction and productivity in farmed deer. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Ward JF and Sch{\"u}tz KE and Wheeler M and Asher GW}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {The impact of different management systems on behaviour and milk production of dairy ewes in different stages of lactation; a case study},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {116-121},
	address = {Lincoln},
	abstract = {Comparisons of New Zealand dairy sheep farm systems are currently lacking. The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate
the effects of different management systems on the behaviour and milk production of East Friesian cross-bred sheep at different
stages of lactation. Two study groups were evaluated. In study group 1, a mob of 479 mixed-age, mid-lactation ewes were housed
24 h/day, and a separate mob of 473 mixed-age, mid-lactation ewes were managed in a hybrid system (housed between morning
and afternoon milkings; grazed lucerne overnight). Both received a total mixed ration (TMR) indoors. In study group 2, a mob of
604 mixed-age, late-lactation ewes grazed pasture 24 h/day, and a separate mob of 452 mixed-age late-lactation ewes were in a
hybrid system, grazing pasture overnight. For both study groups, individual milk yield, walking distance, lying time, live weight
(LW), and body condition score (BCS) were recorded. All sheep gained BCS and LW except fully grazed late-lactation ewes. For
study group 1, fully housed ewes in mid-lactation lay down less during the day, but more overnight compared to those in the hybrid
system, likely due to the latter grazing overnight. Lying bout times were similar between groups, while milk yield was 29\% less
in housed ewes compared to the hybrid ewes. For study group 2, grazing ewes in late-lactation lay down more, had longer lying
bouts, and walked further daily than those in the hybrid system, but both late-lactation treatment groups had similar milk yields.
In summary, the hybrid management system seems to improve milk yield in mid-lactation compared to the fully housed system,
whereas there was no difference between the hybrid and fully grazed systems in late-lactation. Lying behaviour and walking
distances (group 2 only) differed among different systems, however, it is unclear what this means in terms of animal welfare, and
warrants further investigation.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bliss AE and Chylinski C and Luo D and Sch{\"u}tz KE and Lowe K and Peterson SW and Stevens D and MacDonald T and McCoard SA}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Validation of an automated system for monitoring water intake and drinking behaviour in dairy calves},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {133-136},
	address = {Rotorua},
	abstract = {The provision of palatable drinking water ad libitum for cattle is often neglected on farm and is considered difficult and imprac-tical to monitor, particularly on an individual animal basis. The objective of this study was to validate an automated system for monitoring individual water intake and drinking behaviour of dairy calves. Nineteen dairy calves were observed over five days for eight hours/day. Calves were individually identified as they visited a water trough within a narrow chute where the number and duration of visits were recorded using an overhead photoelectric sensor, and water intake was recorded using a flow meter. Data from the automated system were compared to behavioural observations from video recordings across the same time period. The automated system was highly correlated with behavioural observations for both the number of visits (R2=0.96, P<0.001) and visit durations (R2=0.94, P<0.001), but showed no correlation for water intake (R2=0.01, P>0.1). This system could be used as a reliable automated method for recording drinking behaviour in terms of the number and duration of visits. However, alternative systems for measuring water intake need to be investigated and incorporated into the automated system. This information could be used to investigate a number of questions regarding water use and quality, and their effects on calf health and welfare and could be integrated into other automated systems used on farm for daily animal monitoring.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lowe GL and Sch{\"u}tz KE and Sutherland MA and Wilson MT and Stewart M}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Development and evaluation of a temperament-scoring system for farmed deer: genetic and environmental components},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {109-103},
	address = {Adelaide},
	abstract = {A temperament-scoring system for farmed red deer was developed and evaluated. Hinds (n=1102) and their progeny (n=1609)
from three farms were repeatedly scored (7867 observations in total) for aggression, agitation in a pen or when confined in a
crate, ease of handling, and exit speed from a crate. The animals were scored when yarded for management procedures by one
handler. Inter-observer reliability recorded on a separate occasion was between 70 and 82\%, measured as percentage agreement.
For progeny, heritability was for aggression:0.03{\textpm}0.024, agitation (pen):0.23{\textpm}0.077, agitation (crate):0.17{\textpm}0.056, ease of
handling:0.10{\textpm}0.037, and exit speed:0.04{\textpm}0.021, with a repeatability of 0.19{\textpm}0.018, 0.24{\textpm}0.022, 0.25{\textpm}0.017, 0.24{\textpm}0.015, and
0.17{\textpm}0.013, respectively (estimate{\textpm}SE of estimate for all preceding values). For hinds, repeatability was for aggression:0.23{\textpm}0.048,
agitation (pen):0.16{\textpm}0.068, agitation (crate):0.38{\textpm}0.052, ease of handling:0.45{\textpm}0.048, and exit speed:0.27{\textpm}0.061 (estimate{\textpm}SE of
estimate), respectively. Animals that were agitated in a pen were also more agitated in a crate (r=0.352 and 0.479 for progeny and
hinds, respectively), all other associations were weak (r<=0.228). Farm, year born, age, and drafting order, but not sex, influenced
most temperament scores. Temperament of red deer can reliably be scored in a yard. Agitation showed a moderate genetic
component and could, therefore, be included in future breeding programmes.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Sch{\"u}tz KE and Ward JF and Cox NR and Asher GW}
}
@conference {75921,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Effects of handling during calf rearing on behavioural and physiological responses of one year-old dairy heifers},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {275-277},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Invercargill},
	abstract = {Interaction with humans is a daily part of most farm animal{\textquoteright}s lives. The nature of these interactions is an important factor contributing to animal welfare and productivity. Exposure to negative handling can increase fearfulness in animals, which can cause problems such as increased handling time, poor meat quality and... Continued},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Stewart M and Worth G and Webster JR and Sch{\"u}tz KE}
}
@conference {75902,
	title = {Heat stress in farm animals},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {185-189},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Invercargill},
	abstract = {Heat stress affects production and welfare in farm animals. In warm weather animals will change their behaviour in order to cool down, for example by seeking shade or other cooler microclimates, and by altering activity patterns, body postures and feed intake. In addition to behavioural changes, physiological mechanisms will occur, such as increased respiration and body temperature. There is consistent evidence that the reduced productivity in association with heat stress can be alleviated by providing different types of cooling. However, more research is needed in order to explore how to best cool farm animals and appropriate cost benefit analyses of providing different types of cooling in New Zealand conditions needs to be carried out to improve profitability and welfare. Animals change their behaviour before changes in production can be detected, therefore animal behaviour can provide insight into when and how to cool animals.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Sch{\"u}tz KE}
}
