@article {3672,
	title = {Evaluating loafing surfaces for off-paddock facilities on New Zealand dairy farms},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2022},
	month = {01/2022},
	pages = {22-27},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {Off-paddock wintering facilities need loafing surfaces that meet animal welfare requirements. Our objectives were to establish relationships between dairy cow behaviour and firmness (comfort) and traction (non-slip) across four different loafing surfaces. The four surfaces were post peelings (woodchip), a 50 mm shredded rubber playground surface with 6 mm geotextile overlay (NUMAT), a 25 mm rubber and plastic chip sports turf underlay with 6 mm geotextile overlay (Tiger Turf), and 25 mm {\texttimes} 1 m2 interlocking rubber matting (NUMAT). Average daily cow lying times were 11.5, 11.0, 10.5 and 8.0 hours/day for post peelings, shredded rubber, rubber/plastic chip, and rubber matting, respectively. A Clegg hammer impact soil tester (2.25 kg) used for mechanical measures of firmness (comfort) showed a strong negative curvilinear relationship with lying times. A Rotational Traction Tester for measuring traction (non-slip) indicated the least to most slippery surface was post peelings followed by shredded rubber, rubber/plastic chip, and finally, rubber matting, which aligned with anecdotal observations of slipping events. Threshold values for these mechanical tests are proposed that will help with evaluating innovative surfaces for cow comfort without the need for animal trials.

},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Beukes PC and Dela Rue B and Dalley DE and McCall D}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Modelling winter feeding practices with fodder beet in growing and dry dairy cattle},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2022},
	month = {01/2022},
	pages = {39-44},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {<p>The objective of this study was to use the Large Ruminant Nutrition System simulation (LRNS) model to evaluate inclusion of different proportions of fodder beet (FB) with several feed supplements to determine if these dietary combinations meet the nutrient requirements of dry cows and growing one-year-old (R1) heifers over winter. The LRNS simulations demonstrated deficiencies in Ca and P when diets contained 60 and 80\% of FB, especially for dry cows up to 21 days before calving and in R1 heifers. When FB comprised 60-80\% of the diet of R1 heifers, there was insufficient metabolisable protein to support maximum average daily gain and insufficient physically effective neutral detergent fibre (peNDF) in diets containing over 60\% FB. Diets containing more than 40\% FB had a negative rumen degraded protein balance (RDPB) and an excess non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) concentration. Recommendations based on this modelling are for a maximum of 60\% FB in diets and forage supplements must provide sufficient crude protein (CP) as well as supplementation of Ca for R1 heifers and dry cows up to 21 days before calving and P for both dry cows and R1 heifers.</p>
},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Jonker A and Dalley DE and Woods RR and Dynes RA and Pacheco D and Khan MA and Edwards JP and Hammond KJ}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {The effect of feeding fodder beet or kale during winter on growth and behaviour of rising-one-year-old dairy heifers},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2021},
	month = {01/2022},
	pages = {81-86},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {While fodder beet (FB) has been used by the dairy industry for winter grazing over the last 10 years, there is no published information on its effect on heifer performance. Farmers have recently expressed concern regarding the suitability of fodder beet for wintering growing dairy heifers due to the low crude protein (CP) content of the FB bulb. To compare liveweight gain and grazing behaviour, 191, 9- to 12-month-old heifers at the Southern Dairy Hub were offered either FB (n=93; HFR-FB) or kale (n=98; HFR-Kale), both with pasture baleage as a feed supplement, in winter 2019. Allocations were formulated to achieve similar energy intake, but HFR-Kale were offered a higher proportion of their diet as baleage. There were no differences in apparent DM intake, but HFR-FB consumed a diet with overall lower CP (11.4\%) than did HFR-Kale (13.4\%). Heifers in both treatments had a similar average daily liveweight gain (0.45 {\textpm} 0.083 kg/day) but neither group achieved the 0.6 kg/day average daily gain target for heifer growth. Differences were observed in eating and ruminating behaviour between the two groups, but more research is required to validate the measurement devices used in this study for animals grazing crop. The results indicate the challenges of achieving industry-recommended growth rates over winter in heifers grazing forage crops and highlight the importance of feed testing for nutritive value to ensure nutrient requirements are being met.


Keywords: Live weight; Beta vulgaris; Brassica oleracea; allocation; intake; feed quality},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Harris P and Dalley DE and Bryant RH}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {A survey of fodder beet use and feeding practices on dairy farms in Canterbury, Otago and Southland},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	pages = {101-106},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {High yields, consistent quality and emerging environmental benefits make fodder beet (FB) an important feed in South Island dairy
systems. However, these benefits may be negated by animal-health issues associated with some FB-feeding regimes. To quantify
the range and prevalence of feeding regimes, a telephone survey focussing on practices in 2018 was conducted in Canterbury,
Otago and Southland. Of the farmers surveyed, 69\% fed FB, 24\% had never fed FB and 8\% of farmers had stopped feeding FB.
The most frequently cited reasons for having stopped feeding FB were animal-health issues, cost and management challenges.
Most (82\%) respondents feeding FB determined allocation by yield and break area. Almost all farmers (98\%) transitioned cattle
on to FB, over an average of three weeks. Of those that fed FB to non-lactating cows in winter, the mean allocation was 10.3 kg
DM/cow/day (66\% of the diet), and 12\% fed FB ad libitum. A greater proportion of herds fed FB (41\% of herds) reported metabolic
issues (>5\% of the herd affected) compared with herds not fed FB (23\%). This survey is valuable to inform future research and
reinforces the need to continue investigating animal-health issues associated with FB-feeding, with an emphasis on metabolic issues.

Keywords: fodder beet; winter crop; animal health},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Edwards JP and Dalley DE and Pinxterhuis JB and Woods RR}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Metabolic profiles of non-lactating, pregnant heifers during transitioning from kale to swedes in Southland, New Zealand},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {26-30},
	address = {Lincoln},
	abstract = {During winter 2014, a study was conducted in non-lactating pregnant dairy heifers to monitor changes in liver enzymes during a
six-week period following a diet change from kale to swedes. Blood samples were collected from 20 cows on Days 0, 4, 7, 14,
28, and 42 after transitioning. Changes were recorded for most blood metabolites, in response to the change from kale to swedes,
indicating potential liver inflammation or hepatic cell stress damage. On days four and seven, 6 and 8\% of animals had lower
than normal concentrations of AST, respectively. Elevated concentrations of GGT and GLDH, relative to Day 0, were recorded on
Day 7 and 14 in individual cows. NEFA concentrations peaked on Day 4, possibly indicating a decrease in feed intake during the
initial transitioning process. Up to 40 percent of the herd exhibited metabolic changes during the transition period. Although the
concentration of some metabolites were above the normal range for individual animals between days 4 and 14, they had decreased
to within the normal range by day 28, indicating that cows had become adapted to the new diet. Results suggest that, even with
good practice, individual animals within a herd are at risk of liver stress when transitioning onto swedes.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dalley DE and Sheahan A}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Milk production and milk fatty acid composition of grazing dairy cows supplemented with fodder beet},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {6-10},
	address = {Lincoln},
	abstract = {A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing a perennial ryegrass-based diet with fodder beet on milk production
and milk fatty acid (FA) composition, of dairy cows in early lactation. Sixty Friesian {\texttimes} Jersey cows, were blocked into six groups
of 10 cows, and groups randomly allocated to three replicates fed either 18 kg DM/day of ryegrass herbage (H), or 14.4 kg DM/
day of ryegrass herbage + 4 kg DM of harvested FB bulbs (FBB). Dry matter intake (DMI) was similar between H and FBB
(15.0{\textpm}0.77 and 14.2{\textpm}0.48 kg DM/day respectively). Although milk yield tended to be greater for H than FBB (20.0 and 18.9 kg/
day respectively; P=0.09); milk solids production was not affected by treatment (P=0.89). Supplementation with FBB increased
the saturated (80.6 versus 73.2{\textpm}0.39 g/100g FA; P<0.001) and medium chain milk FA (66.7 versus 56.2{\textpm}0.783; P<0.001) content,
compared with H. Under the conditions of the present study, our results suggest that, supplementing grazing dairy cows with FBB
in early lactation, may not improve milk production and increases the saturated FA content of milk.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fleming AE and Edwards GR and Bryant RH and Dalley DE and Gregorini P}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Plasma amino acid profiles of lactating dairy cows fed fodder beet and ryegrass diets},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {62-64},
	address = {Adelaide},
	abstract = {In pastoral systems, N intake by dairy cows generally
exceeds requirements (Kolver 2000). Feeds with low N
concentration can {\textquoteleft}dilute{\textquoteright} the amount of N eaten by grazing
dairy cattle, and ultimately reduce N pollution of the
environment. Use of fodder beet (FB) crop has increased
substantially in New Zealand because of its high DM yield
potential. Fodder beet also has low N content in the bulb of
the plant (0.8 to 1.5\% of DM; Heuz{\'e} et al. 2015) which is
useful for diluting dietary N content. However, these low
N concentrations could result in deficiencies of specific
amino acids (AA), potentially limiting milk production.
This paper reports the effect on plasma AA
concentrations of partial replacement of ryegrass pasture
with FB in the diet of lactating dairy cows. This information
will provide insights on how low-N diets could impact
nutrient supply to dairy cattle.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Pacheco D and Waghorn G and Dalley DE}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Effect of grazing system on nitrogen partitioning in lactating dairy cows grazing irrigated pastures in Canterbury, New Zealand},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {94-99},
	address = {Adelaide},
	abstract = {Regulations currently being developed by Regional Councils throughout New Zealand to manage freshwater quality may require
substantial reductions in nitrate leaching from dairy farms in many regions. The objective of this study was to quantify nitrogen
intake, partitioning, and excretion in two irrigated farming systems in Canterbury, comparing different possible pathways for future
industry development. A {\textquoteleft}higher input{\textquoteright} system (HI, n = 34 cows) was characterised by a stocking rate of 5 cows per/ha, ~300
kg/ha/year fertiliser N and ~1t DM/cow/year purchased supplement fed on the milking platform. The {\textquoteleft}lower input{\textquoteright} system (LI,
n = 29 cows) used a stocking rate of 3.5 cows/ha, 150 kg/ha/year fertiliser N, and minimal purchased supplement. Urine, faeces,
plasma, and milk samples were collected for N determination at consecutive afternoon and morning milkings once per month for
four years. Estimated N intake did not differ between HI and LI (537 g N/cow/day and 557 g N/cow/day respectively, P = 0.29).
No differences were recorded for N parameters and estimated milk and urine N output/cow was not affected by farm system. When
scaled to per hectare, urinary N excretion was 33\% greater for HI compared with LI (1.1 kg/ha/day and 0.8 kg/ha/day, respectively,
P = 0.02).},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Clement AR and Dalley DE and Chapman DF and Edwards GR and Bryant RH}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {The lying behaviour of non-lactating, pregnant dairy cows wintered in a loose-housed barn on woodchip bedding material},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {24-28},
	address = {Dunedin},
	abstract = { Winter represents an important time for dairy herds in the southern South Island of New Zealand. In an attempt to address poor
performance in forage crop-based wintering systems, farmers are increasingly using off-paddock methods of wintering, such as
housing their cows in barns. The aims of this study were to monitor the lying behaviour of cows wintered in a loose-housed barn
with woodchip bedding during three separate seven day periods to determine (i) if recommended lying times were being met, and
(ii) if bedding moisture content could be used as a predictor of lying time. Twenty-one non-lactating dairy cows were selected,
based on age, body condition score and stage of pregnancy, from a housed herd of 90 mixed-age cows. Lying and standing
movements were recorded at thirty second intervals using an electronic movement data logger attached to the ankle of each cow.
Monitoring in Period 1 commenced four days after the cows entered the barn for wintering in early June; Period 2 occurred in
early July, just prior to the removal and replacement of bedding material, and Period 3 occurred in mid-July when cows were again
on fresh bedding material. Average daily lying times were two hours longer during Periods 1 and 3, when barn material was fresh
(10.7 and 10.5 h/day, respectively), than when soiled during Period 2 (8.4 h/day). The difference in lying behaviour was due to a
difference in the number of lying bouts: cows had fewer lying bouts during Period 2 (6.1 per day) than Periods 1 \& 3 (7.4 and 7.9
per day, respectively). The average moisture content of the bedding was 60.7, 68.4 and 64 .3 \% for Periods 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
Bedding moisture content per se did not appear to be a good predictor of lying time, suggesting other factors such as bedding temperature and cleanliness and stage of pregnancy were influencing lying behaviour. These results are discussed in relation to bedding surface management and the welfare of housed dairy cows.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Davison LJ and Dalley DE and Chrystal J and Monaghan R and Laurenson S and Stevens D and Wall A and Pigou J and Gorton A}
}
@conference {75867,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Comparison of the performance of dairy cows offered energy supplements prior to drying off and kale at high and low allowance during the dry period in winter},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {33-36},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Invercargill},
	abstract = {Forage availability and body condition score (BCS) of the dairy cow are important aspects of dairy livestock management during the dry and peripartum period. New Zealand guidelines recommend a target BCS of 5.0 at calving (1-10 scale where 1 = Emaciated and 10 = Obese, Roche et al., 2009). Providing adequate forage to meet... Continued},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Greenwood SL and Dalley DE and Purdie NG and Rugoho I and Bryant RH and Edwards GR}
}
@conference {75898,
	title = {The challenges of animal wintering from a sustainability perspective},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {172-175},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Invercargill},
	abstract = {Winter represents an important time for South Island dairy herds. The task of improving body condition of cows during winter poses a number of challenges in this environment. Under current forage crop based wintering systems, many cows fail to achieve body condition score targets and there is increased potential for nutrient leaching and the loss of soil structure and health. In addressing the poor cow performance and to minimize the environmental impact of current systems, farmers are looking to alternative wintering systems. Consequently off-pasture systems to manage feed supply and provide shelter in winter are becoming more common to remove the need for grazing forage crops and limit effluent discharges into the environment. While many farmers have viewed such systems as a solution to their wintering issues, rapid implementation and lack of readily available information on best practice management has resulted in sustainability issues unique to these new systems. This paper examines the challenges of wintering in the southern South Island and outlines how the dairy industry is working to provide sustainable options for the future.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dalley DE}
}
@conference {41818,
	title = {Effect of once daily milking on milk flavour chemistry},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {162-163},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Indole and skatole have been associated with the "pastoral" flavour of New Zealand dairy products (Bendall, 2001). They occur at elevated levels in milk from pasture-fed cows in New Zealand, particularly in early to mid spring (Lane et al., 2002). On-farm management approaches to control skatole levels in milk could provide benefits to the industry for particular products and ...Continued },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lane GA and Fraser K and Yu M and Pacheco D and Dalley DE and Hofmann LA}
}
@conference {41801,
	title = {Jersey cows milked once-a-day can produce 1,200 kg milk solids per hectare},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {96-97},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {While dairy cows are generally milked twice-a-day (TAD) in New Zealand, more farmers are adopting a once-a-day (OAD) milking routine to improve their lifestyle, reduce farm costs and improve animal welfare. Clark et al. (2006) reported that the yield of milksolids (MS) from Jersey cows was less affected (-19.9\%/cow) by OAD milking than the MS yield from Holstein-Friesian cows (-29.4\%/cow). Jersey cows milked OAD in Taranaki between 2000 and 2004 averaged 222 kg MS/cow and 979 kg MS/ha (Clark et al., 2006). In the 2006/07 season average per cow production from cows milked TAD in New Zealand was 330 kg MS ...Continued},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dalley DE and Clough JW and Hofmann LA and Phyn CVC and Clark DA}
}
@conference {41903,
	title = {Effect of an extended milking interval on recovery of milk yield and somatic cell count in dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {241-244},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {The objective of the study was to determine whether lactation could be re-initiated after several days without milking. Thirty-six cows in mid lactation were subjected to a single period without milking of either 2, 4 or 7 days. Following these periods twice daily milking resumed. Two days after resumption of twice daily milking, milk yield was depressed to 92, 80 and 51\% of pre-treatment (twice a day milking) rates in the 2, 4 and 7-day treatments. The 2- and 4-d treatments achieved pre-treatment milk yields 3 and 4 days after the resumption of milking, respectively. The 7-d treatment failed to achieve pre-treatment yields in this time period. However, 6 days after the resumption of twice-daily milking there was no difference in average milk yield between the 3 groups. Following the resumption of milking, SCC exceeded 2 million cells/ml for the first day in all treatments. Within 3 days the SCC for the 2 and 4-day treatments were below the 400, 000 cells/ml penalty threshold. However, it took five days milking to achieve this level for the 7-day treatment. The results indicate that successful lactations can be re-established after up to 7 days without milking in mid-lactation, with minimal carry-over effects on milk yield for the rest of the lactation. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dalley DE and Davis SR}
}
@conference {41555,
	title = {The effects of once a day milking on mastitis and somatic cell count},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {137-142},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {A four-year study examined the effect of once a day (OAD) milking for complete lactations on mastitis and milk quality. The study comprised two herds of Jersey cows and two of Friesian cows, milked either OAD or twice a day (TAD) for a total of 4 lactations. Prevalence of intramammary infection (IMI) was determined by isolation of mastitis pathogens from quarter foremilk samples, collected aseptically at calving, mid lactation and at drying off. In the second and third years of the study, at drying off, cows milked OAD had three times as many (P < 0.01) quarters with IMI by major mastitis pathogens compared with TAD cows. Across all pathogens and years however, prevalence of IMI was not significantly or consistently higher for cows milked OAD compared with TAD. The somatic cell count (SCC) for uninfected cows milked OAD was approximately double that for TAD milked cows although this difference was only significant (P < 0.05) after the first 1-2 months of lactation had elapsed. Cows with minor or major pathogen infections also showed an approximate doubling of the SCC if milked OAD. Results suggest that milking OAD consistently increases the individual cow SCC but does not significantly increase prevalence of mastitis.
KEYWORDS: once daily milking; mastitis; SCC; milk quality; milking frequency. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lacy-Hulbert SJ and Dalley DE and Clark DA}
}
@conference {41292,
	title = {Effect of grain or buffer supplementation on milk solids yield and rumen fermentation patterns of cows grazing highly digestible herbage in spring},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {224-228},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Sixteen rumen-fistulated Holstein Friesian cows in early lactation were offered 40 kg herbage dry matter (DM)/cow/day (to ground level). The objective of the experiment was to investigate the economics of feeding cereal grain supplements to cows grazing highly digestible ryegrass herbage in spring and determine the impact of grain feeding on rumen conditions and milk composition. Six kilograms DM of cereal grain were offered to eight cows, while the other 8 cows did not receive grain. Superimposed on these grain supplementation rates were 0 or 300 g sodium bicarbonate in a 2x2 factorial design. The inclusion of grain in the diet reduced herbage intake (from 16.7 - 12.7 kg DM/day, P<0.01) and the neutral detergent fibre concentration of the total diet (from 410 g/kg - 325 g/kg DM). Grain feeding reduced milk fat concentration (from 41.7 - 34.3 g/kg, P<0.05) and increased milk protein concentration (from 32.8 - 34.6 g/kg, P<0.05). Grain feeding depressed the rumen fluid concentration of acetic acid and increased that of propionic acid, resulting in a lipogenic:glucogenic ratio (acetic + butyric:propionic acid ratio) below 3:1 for both grain treatments. The milk responses from cows consuming concentrates with highly digestible herbage in spring were low (-0.4 - 0 kg 4\% fat corrected milk/kg DM grain consumed) and did not improve the returns to farmers during the period of feeding. The most profitable use of concentrates is likely to come after spring calving cows have reached their peak and herbage quality begins to decline. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dalley DE and Roche JR and Grainger C}
}
@conference {40829,
	title = {Microbial protein synthesis and milk production in cows offered pasture diets differing in non-structural carbohydrate content},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {255-259},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The effect on ruminal fermentation and milk production of increasing  the proportion of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) in a pasture diet was  investigated in early (Trial 1) and late (Trial 2) lactation. Twenty four cows  in Trial 1 and 15 cows in Trial 2 were offered pasture (P), 85\% P plus 15\%  protein/NSC mixture (PR), and P+10\% (Trial 1) or P+15\% (Trial 2) NSC  (PE) in a latin square design. All diets were isonitrogenous and P and PR  were isoenergetic. PE but not PR increased microbial protein synthesis and  decreased rumen ammonia and milk urea levels compared to P in both trials.  In Trial 1, neither PE nor PR increased milk yield or milk solids output  compared to P. Nitrogen but not dry matter digestibility was reduced on PR  and PE compared to P. Ruminal degradation of casein, but not of pasture,  was increased on PR and PE compared to P. In Trial 2 the milk yields of  cows offered PE and PR were greater than those offered P, and greater on  PE than PR. Increasing the ratio of carbohydrate to protein was more  effective in improving nitrogen utilisation in the rumen than was increasing  the proportion of NSC.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Carruthers VR and Neil PG and Dalley DE}
}
@conference {40555,
	title = {Within herd variability in the mineral status of grazing dairy cows in early lactation.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {27-30},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Two groups of 10 mature, crossbred cows received either a single 
daily dose of 10 g Mg or no supplemental Mg for two 5 day periods.  Blood 
was sampled twice daily and urine once daily.  On 3 days blood and urine 
were sampled four times.  Serum Mg levels of 3 unsupplemented animals fell 
from 0.74 {\textpm} 0.034 to 0.25 {\textpm} 0.020 mmol/1 within 5 days while other animals 
within this group maintained serum Mg levels despite the absence of Mg  
supplementation.  At any given sampling time serum Mg levels of individuals  
within the unsupplemented group varied from 0.22 to 0.88 mmol/1 and those of  
supplemented animals from 0.41 to 0.83 mmol/1.  Mean serum Mg, Ca, Na and  
K concentrations did not differ between the groups.  Unsupplemented animals  
had significantly (P<0.001) lower urinary fractional clearance ratios of Mg 
and Ca. 
 
The within and between animal variation in serum Mg levels was high for both  
Mg supplemented and unsupplemented animals.  The fractional clearance of  
Mg in urine indicated a likely benefit from Mg supplementation for 100\% of  
the unsupplemented animals while serum Mg concentrations only identified  
40\% of these animals.  Fractional clearance of Mg in urine has potential as 
an indicator of animal Mg status. 
 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dalley DE}
}
@conference {40388,
	title = {Magnesium Solubility in the caecum in response to pH changes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {103-106},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {We examined the practicality of using a combination of protein  polymorphism and DNA fingerprinting to match up hinds and calves in nine  separate mating groups of red deer with between 8 and 21 progeny each.  Variation in 10 polymorphic proteins excluded 0.61 to 0.89 of the  possible dam-calf combinations in each sire group, leaving between 2 and  200 pedigree combinations per group to be solved by DNA fingerprinting.  Of the 44 sire-dam-calf combinations tested by DNA fingerprinting, 22  were excluded, while four calves matched the parents at all bands.  However, 16 pedigrees were equivocal, due to the fact that one or both  parents were not in a lane directly adjacent to the calf on the  fingerprinting gel. The low probability of exclusion of protein testing  in some sire groups, combined with the practical limitation of having to  run each possible pedigree combination side by side on DNA  fingerprinting gels, mean that the present techniques do not provide a  routine method for identifying the dam-calf pairings in red deer mating  groups on farms.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dalley DE and Isherwood P and Sykes AR and Robson AB}
}
@conference {40173,
	title = {Magnesium absorption from the large intestine of sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1989},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {229-232},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The proportions of ewes ovulating and ovulating multiples were recorded monthly from July-April in Poll Dorset ewes at 2 locations, and in Romney ewes at 4 locations. Flocks of 50-100 ewes were split into two groups and alternated from being isolated to being with vasectomised Dorset rams. Romney ewes differed between locations in ovarian activity even in July (83 and 56\% ovulating in Levin and Ohakune). Romney ewes were anovular by September-October. By contrast, Poll Dorset ewes had a similar trend to ewes ovulating. Poll Dorset ewes at both locations returned to full ovarian activity between late December and January. In Romney ewes there were differences between locations in onset of ovarian activity, with the earliest location being Takapau, and Ohakune the latest. Onset of ovarian activity was 2-3 weeks earlier for teased than for isolated Romney ewes. The response to teasing at the end of the breeding season was small (12-15\%) compared to the beginning of the season (44\%). In a second experiment, 2500 mature Romney ewes were randomly allocated to two groups. One group was joined on 15 April and the other on 10 June. There were no differences in ewes lambing (96 v 97\%) but multiple births declined from 44\% for the early to 18\% for the late joined ewes. This was partially offset by higher lamb survival in the later joined ewes (88 v 79\%).},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dalley DE and Sykes AR}
}
