@article {3672,
	title = {Carbon footprint of two unique farms, compared with industry averages},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {118-124},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Three years of data from a North Island breeding property (Onetai) and a South Island finishing property (Highlands) were modelled in Farmax and Overseer{\textregistered}, to estimate production, profitability and GHG emissions. On an annual basis, each hectare of Onetai averaged more than 100 kg meat and 25 kg of fibre across three years, worth $420/ha. On Highlands, each hectare produced 200 to 327 kg of meat and 20 kg of fibre, with revenue on average $737/ha, but varying between $433/ha in a drought and almost $900/ha in better seasons. GHG emissions (in CO2 equivalents CO2-e) ranged from 3106 to 3302 kg/ha at Onetai, and from 3043 to 5067 kg/ha at Highlands. The dramatic variation on the finishing farm was due to varying numbers of store stock purchased and finished according to available forage. Industry data for similar class farms modelled using the same software averaged around 3600 kg CO2-e /ha. Similar farms ($339/ha) were less profitable than Onetai, and finishing farms were less profitable than Highlands ($467/ha). Per hectare, all farms emitted similar amounts of GHG to literature values, but study farms produced more meat and greater financial returns. Greater efficiency of production is better for the pocket and the planet.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dynes RA and Scobie DR and Vibart RE and Rennie G and Hutchinson KJ and Taylor A and Moss RA and Dennis S and Wall A}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {The lying behaviour of non-lactating, pregnant dairy cows wintered in a loose-housed barn on woodchip bedding material},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {24-28},
	address = {Dunedin},
	abstract = { Winter represents an important time for dairy herds in the southern South Island of New Zealand. In an attempt to address poor
performance in forage crop-based wintering systems, farmers are increasingly using off-paddock methods of wintering, such as
housing their cows in barns. The aims of this study were to monitor the lying behaviour of cows wintered in a loose-housed barn
with woodchip bedding during three separate seven day periods to determine (i) if recommended lying times were being met, and
(ii) if bedding moisture content could be used as a predictor of lying time. Twenty-one non-lactating dairy cows were selected,
based on age, body condition score and stage of pregnancy, from a housed herd of 90 mixed-age cows. Lying and standing
movements were recorded at thirty second intervals using an electronic movement data logger attached to the ankle of each cow.
Monitoring in Period 1 commenced four days after the cows entered the barn for wintering in early June; Period 2 occurred in
early July, just prior to the removal and replacement of bedding material, and Period 3 occurred in mid-July when cows were again
on fresh bedding material. Average daily lying times were two hours longer during Periods 1 and 3, when barn material was fresh
(10.7 and 10.5 h/day, respectively), than when soiled during Period 2 (8.4 h/day). The difference in lying behaviour was due to a
difference in the number of lying bouts: cows had fewer lying bouts during Period 2 (6.1 per day) than Periods 1 \& 3 (7.4 and 7.9
per day, respectively). The average moisture content of the bedding was 60.7, 68.4 and 64 .3 \% for Periods 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
Bedding moisture content per se did not appear to be a good predictor of lying time, suggesting other factors such as bedding temperature and cleanliness and stage of pregnancy were influencing lying behaviour. These results are discussed in relation to bedding surface management and the welfare of housed dairy cows.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Davison LJ and Dalley DE and Chrystal J and Monaghan R and Laurenson S and Stevens D and Wall A and Pigou J and Gorton A}
}
