@article {3672,
	title = {Does silage containing Plantain affect the urination behaviour and urinary nitrogen of dry cows grazing diverse or conventional pasture?},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2022},
	month = {01/2022},
	pages = {14-21},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {<p>The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of diverse silage containing plantain on urination behaviour and urinary and faecal nitrogen (N) concentration of dairy cows when grazing standard ryegrass-white clover (RGWC) or diverse pasture containing plantain. Four groups of six non-lactating dairy cows were balanced and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a 2 {\texttimes} 2 factorial design: RGWC pasture plus RGWC silage; RGWC pasture plus diverse silage containing plantain; diverse pasture plus RGWC silage; diverse pasture plus diverse silage. Urination behaviour (frequency and volume) was continuously measured for a minimum of 24 hours on four cows per treatment using the Lincoln University PEETER V1.0 sensor. There was no silage or silage {\texttimes} pasture type interaction effects on urination behaviour, though diverse pasture regardless of silage increased daily urination frequency (p=0.046) and daily urine volume (p=0.003) of cows by 27\% and 31\% respectively, compared to RGWC. Spot urine N\% concentration was similar among treatments, but faecal N\% tended (p=0.07) to be higher in cows grazing diverse pasture compared to those grazing RGWC with no silage type effect. Unlike fresh plantain, silage containing plantain does not seem to alter urination behaviour or N excretion of dairy cattle. Keywords: Plantago lanceolata L; dairy cattle; winter study; urination frequency</p>
},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Brown TM and HMGP Herath and Beckett BP and Bryant RH and Al-marashdeh O}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Effect of farm system and milk urea phenotype on milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows in Canterbury},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2021},
	month = {01/2022},
	pages = {196-200},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {To investigate the effect of farm system, and cow selection for milk urea nitrogen (MUN), on milk yield and milk composition,
a farmlet study was carried out between October 2018 and May 2019 in Lincoln, Canterbury. A farm system with a low stocking
rate and low N fertiliser input (LSR, 2.9 cows/ha) sown with a conventional ryegrass clover and plantain diverse pastures was
compared with a farm system with a moderate stocking rate and moderate N fertiliser (MSR, 3.9 cows/ha) using conventional
ryegrass and white clover pastures and supplementing 3 kg DM/cow/d as crushed barley grain. Each farmlet had total herd size of
40 mixed-age HF x J spring-calving dairy cows which included six cows selected solely for a high MUN or a low MUN. There was
no effect of farm system on milk fat, protein or lactose content but MUN was lower in LSR compared with MSR. Milk production
was also lower for LSR (466 vs 429{\textpm}12.4 kg MS/cow/ha, P<0.05), owing to poorer quality diet in mid lactation. Cows selected
for low MUN tended to produce less milk compared with high MUN cows (4478 vs 3987{\textpm}174 kg/cow, P<0.10) though this was
partially offset by increased protein content in milk of low MUN cows. Farm system and animal selection for MUN have a greater
impact on milk yield than on milk composition.

Keywords: Plantago lanceolata; somatic cell count; multi-species pastures;},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bryant RH and O{\textquoteright}Conner PO and Robic Y and Curtis J and Handcock RC and Al-marashdeh O}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Liveweight gain and urinary nitrogen excretion of lambs grazing diverse (plantain, Italian ryegrass and red clover) or ryegrass-white clover pasture in autumn},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	pages = {70-75},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of grazing a diverse pasture of plantain, Italian ryegrass, and red clover
versus a ryegrass-white clover pasture on the liveweight gain (LWG) and urinary nitrogen (N) excretion of ram lambs over an 82-
day experimental period in autumn. Eighty Coopworth ram lambs (8 months old) were allocated to two replicates of two pasture
treatments (n = 20), a diverse pasture containing plantain, Italian ryegrass, and red clover (Diverse) and conventional ryegrass-white
clover pasture (RGWC). Unfasted live weight (LWT) of lambs was recorded on seven occasions during the autumn experimental
period. Apparent dry matter intake (DMI) was estimated as the difference between pre- and post-grazing herbage mass plus daily
herbage growth. On two occasions, urine and blood samples were collected from each lamb to determine concentration of urinary
N and plasma urea N (PUN). Liveweight gain (P=0.008) and feed conversion efficiency (P=0.022) were greater in Diverse than
RGWC treatment (240 vs 160 g/day and 111 vs 86 g LWT per kg DMI, respectively). Urinary N and PUN concentration were
similar between treatments; however, when urinary N excretion (g/d) was estimated as a function of PUN, lambs grazing Diverse
pasture excreted less (P=0.003) urinary N per 100 g LWG than those grazing RGWC pasture. The proportion of N intake retained
in LWG was greater (P=0.008) for lambs grazing Diverse (11.0\%) than those grazing RGWC (9.0\%). The results indicate that
there is a potential to achieve target LWT of lambs in a shorter time and with less N loss to the environment by using a diverse mix
containing plantain, Italian ryegrass and red clover in comparison to ryegrass-white clover mix in autumn.
Keywords: Growing lambs; liveweight gain; urinary nitrogen; diverse pasture; ryegrass},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Al-marashdeh O and Cook GA and Anderson FC and Meyer JPH and Logan CM and Edwards GR and Maxwell TMR}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Urinary nitrogen excretion and water balance of dairy heifers fed cut plantain or perennial-ryegrass pastures},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {171-173},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Loline, an alkaloid produced by Neotyphodium endophytes in pastoral grass species with potential antimicrobial properties, has several known derivatives; N-formyl loline (NFL), N-acetyl loline (NAL), N-acetyl norloline (NANL), N-methyl loline (NML), and loline base, though the availability and form during rumen fermentation and digestion is unclear. Festuca pratensis seeds either with (LOL) or without (NIL) lolines (150-200 {\textmu}g/mL) were incubated in either sterile or viable rumen fluid or in either HCL/pepsin (pH 2) or water (pH 7). At 72 hours LOL in sterile rumen fluid had 23\%, 26\%, and 45\% more NFL (P=0.05), NANL (P=0.04), and loline base (P=0.01) respectively, with 27\% more total loline present (P=0.06), and 65\% more NML (P=0.09) compared with LOL in viable rumen fluid. Loline tended to alter the fermentation pattern as NIL produced 11\% more ammonia (P=0.07), and 5\% less propionate (P=0.06) than LOL. In HCL/pepsin there were 38\%, 49\%, and 39\% more total lolines (P=0.05), NANL (P=0.02), and NFL (P=0.04) respectively, compared with water. Rumen and abomasal digestion appear to have a small effect on loline{\textquoteright}s form and concentration with only slight alteration to the rumen fermentation pattern. Presence of lolines had little evidence of an antimicrobial effect.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Al-marashdeh O and Judson HG and Schetelat S and Pawsey A and Edwards GR}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Effect of timing of maize silage supplementation on grazing behaviour of dairy cows during a short grazing session on a ryegrass-based herbage},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {31-34},
	address = {Lincoln},
	abstract = {The objective of this experiment was to compare rumen degradation characteristics of ryegrass (Lolium perenne), white clover
(Trifolium repens) or plantain (Plantago lanceolata) harvested either in the morning (0700) or afternoon (1600). Fresh herbage
material from each treatment was weighed into duplicate nylon bags and incubated in four lactating Jersey {\texttimes} Friesian dairy cows
with rumen fistula. Differences in nutritive value between forage types was greater than effect of harvest time as was the effect
on rumen degradation characteristics. Plantain had faster (P<0.001) DM disappearance rates than perennial ryegrass-white clover
(12.2 vs 8.80 \%/hr). The soluble fraction was greater (P=0.001) for forages harvested in the afternoon (25.2\% of DM) than those
in the morning (15.4\% of DM) regardless of forage type. Nitrogen degradation was almost complete (>95\% of N) and similar for
all treatments (P>0.05). An interaction for effective degradability revealed there was no effect of harvest time on DM and OM for
plantain. However, perennial ryegrass-white clover harvested in the afternoon has a greater effective degradability of DM and OM
than that harvested in the morning. This suggested there is a larger influence of harvest time on some degradation characteristics
of perennial ryegrass-white clover compared with plantain.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Al-marashdeh O and Gregorini P and Edwards GR}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Whole-farm modelling using different grazing-management strategies with diverse pastures within an irrigated dairy-farm system},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {1-5},
	address = {Lincoln},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to assess the effect of diverse pasture mixtures and grazing management on profitability of
Canterbury dairy farms using a commercial modelling tool, Farmax Dairy Pro. Two years of pasture growth and quality data were
obtained from irrigated plots sown with a pasture mixture consisting of perennial ryegrass, white clover, red clover, chicory and
plantain (diverse) or the same pasture mixture plus Italian ryegrass (diverse-Italian). Pastures were subjected to one of three grazing
management regimes: (1) conventional grazing (grazed to a compressed height of 3.5 cm all year); (2) spring lenient grazing; and
(3) autumn lenient grazing. The data were fitted to a base model farm (average of North Canterbury region) using Farmax Dairy
Pro to produce six different farm scenarios. Farm scenarios were ranked and compared by profit expressed as earnings before
tax. Pastures managed by autumn lenient grazing resulted in the lowest DM production, more supplement purchased, and hence,
lowest profit compared with conventional or spring lenient grazing management. The diverse pasture managed by spring lenient
grazing resulted in the greatest profit ($2,658/ha) compared with other scenarios (average $2,261/ha). This greater profit was
driven by greater annual DM production per hectare and, hence, less supplement purchased. When diverse pasture is considered,
spring lenient grazing is a potential management option for irrigated Canterbury dairy farm systems to increase DM production
and thereby profitability.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cun, GS and Al-marashdeh O and Edwards GR}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Brief Communication: In vitro fermentation characteristics of ryegrass-white clover sward containing differnt proportions of chicory},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {82-84},
	address = {Rotorua},
	abstract = {Chicory (Cichorum intybus) is a deep-rooted grazeable forage used to overcome production and nutritive value shortfalls of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) swards during summer drought periods in New Zealand (Waugh et al. 1998; Chapman et al. 2012). However, there is little and contrasting data on the proportion of chicory to be used in mixed swards to influence livestock production. For example, Golding et al. (2011) showed that feeding chicory in a mixed sward at 18{\textendash}40\% of total dry matter, increased lamb post-weaning liveweight gain (LWG) compared with a traditional ryegrass sward. On the other hand, Cheng et al. (2017) reported similar daily LWG for heifers offered a mixed sward of 50\% chicory and 50\% ryegrass-white clover or 100\% perennial ryegrass-white clover. These contrasting results justify more research on the chicory proportion in mixed swards and its effect on animal performance...},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Al-marashdeh O and Cheng L and Gregorini P and Edwards GR}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Stand-off pad wintering system: effect of surface types on cow comfort and urination behaviour},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {137-142},
	address = {Rotorua},
	abstract = {Two consecutive experiments were conducted over four weeks during winter to investigate the effect of different stand-off pad surface types on dairy cow lying behaviour, cleanness and lameness scores, and urination frequency. In experiment one, 350 Frie-sian {\texttimes} Jersey, pregnant non-lactating dairy cows were blocked and assigned to five treatments for two weeks: fodder beet grazed in situ with no stand-off (control); fodder beet grazed in situ and cows spent 17 hours on a woodchip stand-off (WCG); harvested fodder beet bulb fed in paddock and cows spent 17 hours on a woodchip stand-off (WCH); fodder beet grazed in situ and cows spent 17 hours on a 70 mm round-stone stand-off (S70); fodder beet grazed in situ and cows spent 17 hours on a 50 mm round-stone stand-off (S50). In experiment two, 156 Friesian {\texttimes} Jersey, pregnant non-lactating dairy cows were blocked and assigned to three treatments for two weeks: control and WCG as described in experiment one, and a third geotextile {\textquoteleft}carpet{\textquoteright} stand-off for 17 hours (GC). In experiment one, surface type had no effect on lying time (average 10.1 hours), cleanness and lameness score, or urination behaviour. In experiment two, lying hours were greater (P=0.01) for cows on carpet (11.6) than for cows on woodchip (10.8). While current results showed a negligible effect of surface type on cow comfort and urination behaviour during winter, a longer study, covering the whole winter season, is required to confirm these results. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Al-marashdeh O and Cameron KC and Bryant RH and Box L and Arends A and Coveney A and Crystal J and Edwards GR}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Relationship between social dominance and milk production of dairy cows grazing pasture},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {69-72},
	address = {Adelaide},
	abstract = {The objectives of this experiment were to study factors determining social dominance of grazing dairy cows and the relationship
between social dominance and milk production under grazing systems. A total of 252 spring calving Friesian x Jersey dairy cows
in three groups differing in stocking rate and herd size grazing perennial ryegrass and white clover pasture were observed for three
months in early lactation to determine their dominance value. All cows ranged in age from 2 to 11 years and live weight (LW)
ranged from 340 kg to 648 kg. Dominance values were determined by social interactions indicating dominance and submission
between cows. Social interactions were recorded on a win and loss basis. In all three groups, the dominance value was positively
correlated (P<0.05) with age (r = 0.42 to 0.65), live weight (r = 0.33 to 0.47) and milk production (r = 0.32 to 0.42), but no relationship
with body condition score was found. In conclusion, older cows with higher live weight were more dominant and tended
to have higher milk production.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hussein AN and Al-marashdeh O and Bryant RH and Edwards GR}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {The effects of feeding maize silage at different times prior to a herbage meal on dry matter intake, milksolids production and nitrogen excretion in late-lactation dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {140-144},
	address = {Dunedin},
	abstract = { The objective of this study was to determine the effect of feeding maize silage at different times before the herbage meal on dry
matter (DM) intake, milksolids (MS) production and nitrogen (N) excretion of late lactation dairy cows. In an indoor study, nine
Friesian {\texttimes} Jersey dairy cows were assigned to three treatments: (1) herbage only (control); (2) supplemented with 3 kg DM of
maize silage after morning milking approximately nine hours before the herbage meal (9BH); and (3) supplemented with 3 kg DM
of maize silage after afternoon milking approximately one hour before the herbage meal (1BH). Cows were offered ad libitum cut
herbage (perennial ryegrass-white clover) for five hours from 1530 to 2030 h. Herbage DM intake was greater (P=0.03) for control
than 1BH cows, but did not differ between control and 9BH or between 1BH and 9BH cows (13.71, 11.96 and 12.74 kg DM/cow/
day for control, 1BH and 9BH, respectively). The substitution of herbage by maize silage was greater (P=0.05) for 1BH than 9BH
cows (0.56 vs 0.31 kg DM herbage per kg DM maize silage, respectively). Milksolids production did not differ between treatments
(overall mean 1.33 kg MS/cow/day). Nitrogen concentration in faeces and estimated urinary-N excretion (g/day) were lower in
supplemented than control cows. Under herbage restriction, it is important to consider time of maize silage supplementation
relative to the herbage meal for managing substitution rate and urinary-N excretion.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Al-marashdeh O and Greenwood SL and Hodge S and Edwards GR}
}
