@conference {78979,
	title = {Associations of uterine pathology with milk production and effects of treatment with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug in dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {23-27},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {<p>Subclinical endometritis (SCE) is a form of uterine pathology characterised by an increased proportion of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) in the uterus post-calving. Previous studies demonstrated a negative association between SCE and lower milk production, with indications that systemic inflammation underlies this link. Accordingly, the hypothesis tested was that treatment with a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) would increase milk yield in cows with >= 14\% PMN at Day 14. In this study, >= 14\% PMN in the cytological sample collected at Day 14 postpartum was defined as SCE. To test this hypothesis, 213 dairy cows were paired by calving date and Day 14 PMN\%, then randomly assigned to three doses of a NSAID (Carprofen 1.4 mg/kg, n = 103) between 21 and 31 days postpartum or left as untreated controls (n = 108). The effect of the NSAID treatment on milk production was analysed using mixed models. While the results supported previous evidence of a negative association between SCE and milk production, NSAID had no effect on either PMN \% at Day 42 or milk production (P \&gt; 0.1) in this study. The lack of a NSAID effect was possibly because SCE spontaneously resolved in more than 90\% of the cases</p>
},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Priest NV and McLeod KLM and McDougall S and Burke CR and Roche JR and Mitchell M and Greenwood SL}
}
@conference {41804,
	title = {Are serum amyloid protein levels in milk an indicator of mastitis infection in New Zealand dairy goats ?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {105-106},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {The incidence of clinical mastitis in dairy goats is low at less than 5\% per lactation (Bergonier et al., 2003), however, there is a recognised need in the industry for a simple, practical and reliable means for the detection of sub-clinical mastitis. In goats, conversely to cows, somatic cell counts (SCC) are not a reliable indicator of infection. Bacteriological cultures can be used to identify glands with subclinical infection, but this approach involves specialized sampling. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a family of acute phase proteins that is produced in response to infection and inflammation. Levels of this protein in milk have been ...Continued },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hodgkinson AJ and Kivits LJ and Molenaar AJ and McDougall S and Prosser CG}
}
@conference {41887,
	title = {Bovine viral diarrhoea virus in dairy cattle in New Zealand - studies on its prevalence, biologic and economic impact},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {162-167},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {The majority (>90\%) of dairy cattle will conceive following insemination or natural service, but only about 55\% of cattle calve to any single mating. The majority of losses occur before the time of pregnancy recognition and such cattle are generally detected in oestrus and rebred. However, losses do occur after the period of pregnancy recognition resulting in prolonged duration of open periods and increased probability of culling for infertility. Reasons for loss include genetic abnormalities, infectious agents such as Neospora caninum, bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), and plant toxicities. The incidence, causes and economic impact of pregnancy loss are poorly defined in New Zealand. In a survey of bulk tank milk, 93\% of 141 dairy herds had >10\% of cows with BVDV antibody. In another study, 602 herds with a high vs. low bulk tank milk (BTM) BVDV antibody concentration were associated with 1.7\% higher annual abortion rates, 2.9d longer calving to conception intervals, 0.04 more services/conception, and 1kg/d reduced solid corrected milk production. Losses due to BVDV were assessed as $90/cow/year in affected herds. It is concluded that pregnancy loss imposes significant economic costs on the New Zealand dairy industry and that BVDV is likely to be major contributing causative agent. Further research is required to evaluate the effects of BVDV on reproduction in dairy herds, the risk factors for the disease and the cost:benefit of control or eradication strategies. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Compton CWR and McDougall S and Heuer C}
}
@conference {41925,
	title = {Management and reproductive performance in herds that differed in their induction policies},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {355-359},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {A large scale retrospective study was undertaken in 2005 on the impact of the policies for induction of early calving (either undertaken during study period, stopped in previous 2 seasons, or continuing to induce) and other factors on herd reproductive performance. Data was gathered from whole-herd pregnancy testing data and farm visit records, and electronic records from the LIC database. Data analysed included records from 3 consecutive seasons from 82 herds, and included 34,729 cows, 72,593 calvings, 237,884 individual herd test records and summary pregnancy test results for each herd for 3 seasons. Factors that significantly influenced herd reproductive performance were herd induction policy, season, herd predominant breed, 4 week submission rate, average milk protein percent at herd test within 60 days following the start of the breeding programme, and length of breeding programme (all P< 0.01). Induction usage was found to be declining over time, implemented at a later stage of the calving programme and unlikely to meet Code of Practice requirements, and under-reported to the LIC database. This large-scale epidemiologic study provides important information for herd owners, their advisors, and other scientists on herd reproductive performance. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Compton CWR and McDougall S}
}
@conference {41617,
	title = {Responses and factors affecting intramammary infection rates resulting from infusion of a Streptococcus uberis strain in Friesian - Jersey crossbred cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {70-76},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to investigate responses to an intramammary infusion of a Streptococcus uberis strain in 264 Friesian-Jersey cows, and identify factors contributing to clinical mastitis risk in the week following infusion. Factors examined for their contribution to risk include sire, days in milk at the time of infusion, SCC on the morning of infusion, previous mastitis treatment history, and the presence of any major pathogens at the time of infusion. Prior to infusion, milk samples were collected from all glands for bacteriology assessment, and antibiotic treatments were administered to clear infections. A single gland from each cow was infused with an average 104 colony-forming units (sd=22) of Streptococcus uberis, and milk samples were collected at each milking for the subsequent 13 milkings, or until diagnosis of clinical mastitis. Logistic regression and survival analysis were used to determine risk factors. Findings showed that cows with a somatic cell count at infusion of >=100,000 cells/ml had a lower incidence of clinical mastitis (18.3\% vs. 81.5\%; p<0.0001). Results also indicated that the presence of Staphylococcus aureus at infusion for cows that had no pre-infusion mastitis treatment(s) was associated with a lower incidence of clinical mastitis (29.0\% vs. 82.8\%; p<0.0001). },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Sanders KM and McDougall S and Stanley GE and Johnson DL and Spelman RJ and Harcourt SJ}
}
@conference {41492,
	title = {Effect of dose of Streptococcus uberis infused into the mammary gland of lactating cows on clinical signs, bacterial count, somatic cell count and milk production},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {143-146},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {This study was to evaluate changes in cow productivity and milk value from feeding a rumen-protected form of CLA  to pasture-fed dairy cows in early lactation. 30 New Zealand Friesian dairy cows were randomly assigned at calving to  either 0g (control) or 120g/d of a commercial rumen protected feed containing CLA from 4 days post-calving for 16 weeks.   Milk yield and composition data was collected weekly. A simulation model was used to calculate yield of dairy products  based on accumulated yields of milk and its components per cow during the experimental period.  Feeding CLA reduced  (P<0.001) fat concentration (3.1\% vs 4.2\%) and increased (P<0.05) milk yield (2688 kg vs 2423 kg), and protein yield (89.9  kg vs 81.2 kg).  The effect of CLA on milk fat concentration was reflected in the yield of dairy products and milk value.  Milk from cows fed CLA had less (P<0.01) excess of fat sold as butter (48.4 vs 69.4 kg butter). The value of milk ($/kg  MS) was higher (P<0.001) from cows fed CLA than from control cows at 2002/03 prices ($3.87 vs $3.66) and when butter  price was low ($3.56 vs $3.24).},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McDougall S and Parker K and Swift S and Harcourt S and Sutherland G}
}
@conference {41303,
	title = {Effect of transport stress on somatic cell counts in dairy goats},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {16-18},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Somatic Cell Counts (SCC) are commonly used as an indirect measure of prevalence of bacterial infection and of milk quality in dairy cattle. However, interpretation of SCC in dairy goats is more complex due to a higher basal SCC and the fact that SCC appear to be influenced by a number of factors other than bacterial infection. Increased SCC is associated with bacterial infection of the udder in goats (Dulin et al., 1983; Ryan et al., 1993; Poutrel et al., 1997). However, SCC in goats also increases with age (Dulin et al., 1983), increases as lactation progresses (Dulin et al., 1983; Kalogridou-Vassiliadou et al., 1992; Wilson et al., 1995), varies among breeds (Sung et al., 1999) and increases as milk production declines (Zeng \& Escobar, 1994; Pizzillo et al., 1994). Stressors such as change in nutrition, kidding, oestrus and vaccination have also been suggested as causes of increased SCC in goats (Lerondelle et al., 1992; Aleandri et al., 1994; Pizzillo et al., 1994; Zeng et al., 1997).
The stress response includes both corticosteroid release from the adrenal cortex in response to adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and adrenal medulla release of the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline (Tyrrell et al., 1991). Injection of dairy cattle with exogenous ACTH results in an elevation in circulating leukocyte counts but no change in the SCC (Paape et al., 1973, 1975). However, transportation is likely to release both corticosteroids and catecholamines and has been used to examine various physiological responses in goats (Sanhouri et al., 1989; Greenwood \& Shutt, 1992) {\textellipsis} },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McDougall S and Anniss FM and Cullum AA}
}
@conference {41304,
	title = {Efficacy of antibiotic treatment at drying off in curing existing infections and preventing new infections in dairy goats},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {19-21},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Infusion of antibiotics into the udder at the end of the lactating period ({\textquotedblleft}dry cow therapy{\textquotedblright}; DCT) is an essential control measure for bovine mastitis (Smith et al., 1967). Dry cow therapy eliminates existing intramammary infections (IMI) and reduces the incidence of new infections over the dry period with a resultant reduced prevalence of IMI at the commencement of the subsequent lactation (Smith et al., 1967; Harmon et al., 1986). The cure rate of existing infections after DCT has been reported as between 60-90\% (Pankey et al., 1982; Sol et al., 1994; Browning et al., 1990; Williamson et al., 1995). Dry cow therapy reduces the new IMI rate by approximately 50\% (Browning et al., 1994; Williamson et al., 1995).
Infusion of antibiotics at the end of lactation in dairy goats ({\textquotedblleft}dry-goat therapy{\textquotedblright}; DGT) has been reported to cure between 66\% and 100\% of existing IMI (Fox et al., 1992; Poutrel \& de Cremoux, 1995; Poutrel et al., 1997). However, the efficacy of DGT in reducing the new infection rate over the dry period has not been examined.
The aim of this trial was to assess the efficacy of intramammary antibiotic treatment of dairy goats at the end of lactation in curing existing mammary gland infections and reducing the incidence of new infections over the dry period and early in the subsequent lactation. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Anniss FM and McDougall S}
}
@conference {41218,
	title = {Prevalence and incidence of subclinical mastitis in dairy ewes and goats},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {287-290},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {The prevalence and incidence of bacterial mastitis have not been determined for small milking ruminants in Vermont, USA. Milk samples were collected for bacteriology from each gland of 110 goats (6 herds) and 153 sheep (3 herds) within 24 hours of parturition and approximately 40 days later. The prevalence, incidence rate of new infection and the spontaneous cure rate were determined. Goats had a significantly higher prevalence of infection than sheep (P<0.05). Prevalance at parturition and 40 days later was 27.3\% and 25.5\% and 15.0\% and 9.1\% for goats and sheep, respectively. Prevalence of mastitis increased with age in goats (P = 0.08) but not sheep and differed among herds (P<0.05). It is concluded that there is variation among species and herds in the prevalence and incidence of mastitis},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McDougall S and Pankey JW and Delaney C and Barlow J and Murdough PA and Watts JL and Scruton D}
}
@conference {41217,
	title = {Prevalence of bacterial infection and somatic cell count of early postpartum milking goats},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {284-286},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {This trial aimed to identify the bacterial pathogens associated with caprine mastitis and to determine the prevalence of infection in early lactation. Milk samples for bacteriology and somatic cell count (SCC) were collected from both glands of 400 goats in four herds. Bacteria were isolated from 28\% (222/800) of the total glands sampled. Coagulase negative staphylococcus (12.9\%), Corynebacterium spp. (11.5\%) and Staphylococcus aureus (1.4\%) were the most prevalent isolates. Infected glands had a significantly higher SCC than uninfected glands (473 x 103 (399 -563 x 103) vs. 123 x 103 (112 -136 x 103), geometric mean SCC and 95\% confidence interval; P<0.05). Infection increased SCC and the degree of increase in SCC varied between pathogens },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Anniss F and McDougall S}
}
@conference {41072,
	title = {Separate grazing as a breeding management strategy for anoestrous cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {55-57},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to compare the rate of resumption of oestrous cycles and fertility to first insemination between anoestrous cows grazed separately (Split) or grazed in the main herd (Control) for 28 days and untreated or treated with progesterone (CIDR) and ODB from 7 days before the planned start of mating. Oestrus was detected in 54.7\%, 46.3\%, 93.5\% and 86.8\% of cows (Control, Split, CIDR and Split+CIDR, respectively) by 28 days after start of treatment (P<0.05). Compared to controls conception to first insemination was no different in Split and CIDR groups, but was reduced in the Split+CIDR group (P<0.05). The percentage of cows pregnant by 28 days after examination was 26.4\%, 18.9\%, 42.1\% and 31.4\% for Control, Split, CIDR and Split+CIDR groups, respectively (P<0.05). There was no overall effect of separate grazing on milksolids production or cow liveweights, but milksolids did vary between herds (P<0.001). Separate grazing did not enhance the reproductive performance of anoestrous cows. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Clark BA and Rhodes FM and McDougall S}
}
@conference {40993,
	title = {Factors influencing the prevalence of postpartum anoestrus in New Zealand dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {79-81},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to determine the association between age, interval from calving (PPI) and breeding worth (BW) and prevalence of postpartum anoestrus (AA), as well their effect on response to hormonal treatment by anoestrous dairy cows. Individual cow details were collated from 6649 cycling and 2446 AA animals in 29 herds. Probability of AA was influenced by herd and was negatively related to PPI and age (p<0.001); but was not related to BW (p>0.05). Response of AA cows to treatment with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate was evaluated using a subset of 1482 anoestrous cows. Within 7 days of treatment, oestrus was detected in 87.1\% cows and conception rate to insemination during this period was 42.2\%. Oestrous response varied between herds but was not influenced by BW, PPI or age (p>0.1). Conception rate was positively related to PPI (p<0.001), but was not influenced by BW or age (p>0.1). It is concluded that in commercial dairy herds the likelihood of a cow being AA is greatest in young and recently calved animals, but is not influenced by breeding worth.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Rhodes FM and Clark BA and Nation DP and Taufa VK and Macmillan KL and Day ML and Day AM and McDougall S}
}
@conference {40992,
	title = {Prevalence of clinical mastitis in 38 Waikato dairy herds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {76-78},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The apparent prevalence of clinical mastitis was determined in 38 spring calving dairy herds as part of a larger field trial conducted on behalf of Boehringer Ingelheim NZ Ltd between the 8th of July and the 21st of August, 1997. A total of 798 quarters from 595 cows were diagnosed by herdowners as having clinical mastitis. Bacterial culture was performed on all clinical quarters and antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed on selected bacterial isolates. Clinical mastitis was diagnosed in an average of 10.0\% ({\textpm} 0.8\%, range 0.9\% to 21.4\%) of calved cows within the herds. No bacteria were cultured from 28.2\% of clinical quarters. Of the quarters from which bacteria were cultured, 74.7\% were Streptococcus uberis, 10.2\% were coagulase negative staphylococci, 4.7\% were Coliforms, 4.1\% were Streptococcus dysgalactiae, 2.9\% were Staphylococcus aureus and 3.3\% were other species of bacteria. Penicillin resistance was detected in 25\% of 44 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 0\% of 10 Streptococcus uberis isolates and 100\% of 12 E. coli isolates. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McDougall S}
}
@conference {40982,
	title = {Use of once daily milking compared with treatment with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate (ODB) in anoestrous cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {44-46},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to compare the rate of resumption of oestrous cycles and fertility to first insemination of anoestrous cows examined 7 days before the planned start of mating (PSM), which were milked once (OAD) or twice daily (TAD) for at least 28 days and untreated or treated with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate (ODB; CIDR). By 28 days after the start of treatment, oestrus was detected in 65.8\%, 76.6\%, 93.5\% and 97.9\% of cows (TAD, OAD, TAD+CIDR and OAD+CIDR, respectively) (p<0.001). Conception rates to first insemination were lower in CIDR treated than untreated cows (40.4\% vs 50.3\%; p<0.05), but were not affected by milking frequency. The mean ({\textpm} sem) interval from PSM to conception was shorter in CIDR treated than untreated cows (12.8 {\textpm} 1.2 vs 19.0 {\textpm} 1.3 days; p<0.001). Daily milk yield decreased by 6.1 {\textpm} 0.2 and 2.2 {\textpm} 0.2 litres; and milk solids by 0.46 {\textpm} 0.02 and 0.19 {\textpm} 0.02 kg (p<0.001) in cows milked OAD and TAD, respectively, over the treatment period. Once daily milking increased the rate of spontaneous resumption of oestrous cycles in anoestrous cows compared with TAD, but was associated with a significant decrease in milk production. Compared to treatment with progesterone and ODB, OAD resulted in a longer interval from PSM to conception. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Rhodes FM and Clark BA and Macmillan KL and McDougall S}
}
@conference {40940,
	title = {Induction of Parturition in Dairy Cows - A Survey from spring 1996 in the Waikato region.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {231-233},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Data were gathered relating to the practice of induction of premature parturition from farms in the central Waikato during spring 1996. A standard two-injection glucocorticoid treatment regime was employed. The reproductive tract of each cow receiving this treatment was examined 3 - 5 days post partum. Additional information relating to cow management was collected by interviewing participating herd-owners. Preliminary data relating to subsequent reproductive performance of a subset of the cows are also presented. Accurate data were obtained for a total of 691 cows on 31 dairy farms. The mean induction rate was 10\% (range 2 - 24\%) of the cows in each herd. The distribution of the ages of induced cows was skewed, with 25\% of cows being 3 yr old. Of the 35\% of cows which calved to a single injection of glucocorticoid, 76\% were within 30 days of full term based on expected calving dates. Inadequate progress in udder development following the first injection was seen in 11\% of cows, of which 78\% were more than 30 days premature. Only 56\% of cows completed the routine two-injection regime. Dystocia requiring at least moderate intervention occurred in 15 cows (2\%). There were no cows with retained foetal membranes (RFM) on 33\% of farms, but the overall incidence of RFM in cows receiving routine induction was 14\%. No intervention was required for 43\% of these, which resolved spontaneously within 48 h of calving. Milk fever was the complication most frequently reported (overall incidence 2.8\%) and contributed to 3 of the 6 reported deaths. Preliminary data from 11 farms indicated that 7\% of cows were not presented for re-breeding. Only 12\% required treatment for anoestrum. The mean calving to 1st service interval was 64 {\textpm} 2 days, and 53\% had appeared to hold to 1st service. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Verkerk GA and Goble G and McDougall S and Woods M and Clark B and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40722,
	title = {The effect of stocking rate and breed on the period of postpartum anoestrum in grazing dairy cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {236-238},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The effects of stocking rate (low, L; and high, H), breed (Jersey, J; and  Friesian, F) and age (2, 3, >3 years old) on the intervals from calving to first  ovulation and to first oestrus were assessed in pasture grazed dairy cattle  using a 2 x 2 design. Cows in the FH herd had longer intervals from calving  to first postpartum ovulation (C-ovn1; 49.2 vs 24.7, 31.1 and 29.4 days) and  C-hl (47.1 vs 32.5 days) intervals than older cows, with 3 year old cows  intermediate. The high stocking rate herds had reduced CS, liveweight and  milk production compared to the low stocking rate herds. Condition score  and milksolids production were inversely related to the C-ovnl and/or C-hl  intervals. Increased stocking rates were associated with longer periods of  postpartum anoestrum.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McDougall S and Burke CR and Williamson NB and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40673,
	title = {Effects of breed and calving liveweight on postpartum ovarian activity in pasture-fed dairy heifers},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {76-78},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {There is little information available on the muscle biology of deer and   how this affects meat quality. The reported effects of the calcium dependent   protease system (calpains and their inhibitor calpastatin) on protein turnover   in vivo and myofibrillar structure posts mortem suggest it may have a pivotal   role in regulating muscle growth and meat tenderisation. This study   examines inter-muscle variation in the calpain system under two  physiological   conditions in red deer and its relation to meat tenderness. Nine muscle   samples from 3 stags in rut (IR) and 3 out of rut (OR), were processed for   calpain and calpastatin analysis within 20 minutes of slaughter. Tenderness   of aged muscles was determined by measurement of ultimate shear force.   The majority of the inter-muscle differences in the calpain system were   associated with calpastatin activity. A positive relationship between muscle   calpastatin levels and meat ultimate shear force was found.   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Burke CR and McDougall S and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40723,
	title = {Some effects of using progesterone and oestradiol benzoate to stimulate oestrus and ovulation in dairy cows with anovulatory anoestrus},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {239-241},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Anovulatory anoestrus (AA) is a major form of infertility in pasture-  fed dairy cows in New Zealand and is most frequently treated by injecting  equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCF) after pre-treatment with progesterone  (P4). The effectiveness of this treatment varies between herds. Injecting  oestradiol benzoate (ODB) from 24 h to 48 h following PA4 and ODB  priming can also induce oestrus and ovulation in AA cows. Two field trials  compared responses in 572 cows with AA treated with P4 alone, P4 + eCG  and P4 + ODB. The P4 was administered per vaginum for 5 or 7 days using  a CIDR device.   An injection of 1 mg ODB at 48 h after device removal in Trial 1 increased  the insemination submission rate during the following 4 days from 55\%  among cows treated with P4, or P4 + eCG to 75\%, and reduced the incidence  of non-responding cows from 21\% to 3\%. In Trial 2, the comparable results  to ODB treatments were 86\% inseminated and 3\% not responding.   The increased submission rates were not due to the ODB producing oestrus  without ovulation. Consequently, 42\% of anoestrous cows treated with ODB  conceived during the first week of AB, 75\% conceived after 6 weeks of AB  and only 5.5\% were finally not pregnant. Comparable figures for herdmates  treated with P4 but not injected with ODB were 29\%, 66\% and 12\%  respectively.   Injecting a low dose of ODB from 24 to 48 h after P4 pre-treatment can be  used to successfully treat AA in dairy cows.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK and Day AM and McDougall S}
}
@conference {40572,
	title = {Some effects of feeding pasture silage as a supplement to pasture on reproductive performance in lactating dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {95-98},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Supplementation of a ryegrass/white clover pasture diet with pasture  
silage is a common management practice in New Zealand dairy herds.  The  
effect of this supplementation during early lactation on reproductive  
performance has not been investigated.  Five herds of 20 cows were formed  
before calving commenced on June 1 1992.  From August 5 to September 4,  
two of these herds were fed 5 kg dry matter/cow/day of pasture silage in  
addition to the ryegrass/white clover pasture offered to all herds.  Pasture  
silage supplementation did not alter the intervals from calving to first  
ovulation, first oestrus, or to conception.  However, it reduced the first  
service conception rate(37.5\% vs 53.3\%; (sed = {\textpm} 10.0\%), for pasture and  
silage and pasture only cows; respectively). 
 
A positive effect on reproductive performance of pasture silage  
supplementation was not demonstrated in this trial},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McDougall S and Clark DA and Macmillan KL and Williamson NB}
}
@conference {40465,
	title = {A case control study of anoestrum in New Zealand dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {101-104},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Clumps of mammary secretory epithelial cells were isolated from a lactating sheep udder and their mammary function in vitro was evaluated.  Initially, the cells synthesized and secreted significant amounts of casein, },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McDougall S and Leijnse P and Day AM and Macmillan KL and Williamson NB}
}
@conference {40402,
	title = {The effect of pretreatment with progesterone on the oestrous response to oestradiol-17Beta benzoate in the post-partum dairy cow},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {157-160},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Crossbreeding with Booroola Merino rams was initiated in 1986 in  Israel to transfer the FecB allele to the Awassi (Aw) and the Assaf (As)  dairy breeds to increase their prolificacy. The prolificacy of the F1  ewes was higher by about 0.6 lambs/ewe lambing (P<0.05) over the  prolificacy of Aw and As ewes. Growth rate up to 150 days of age did not  differ between As, },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McDougall S and Burke CR and Macmillan KL and Williamson NB}
}
