@conference {3672,
	title = {The difficulties in reviewing ergovaline},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {179-183},
	address = {Dunedin},
	abstract = { The endophytic alkaloid, ergovaline, is a secondary metabolite of a number of endophytes associated with perennial ryegrass.
Ergovaline is known to protect ryegrass against attack by a range of insect pests, but can also negatively affect domestic ruminants.
We have recently reviewed the physiological responses and metabolism of ergovaline and the effect of its consumption on animal
production. The main focus of this paper is on the difficulties encountered in preparing these reviews. These include the lack of
a cost-effective source of ergovaline to allow for robust dose-dependent trials resulting in ergovaline treatments based on seed
sources presented in a range of processed forms, or as ryegrass pasture in which ergovaline is often associated with other alkaloids.
Intake of ergovaline is often difficult to predict because ergovaline concentration of the diet on offer may not represent the
concentration in the diet consumed. Furthermore, the mean live weight and level of production of the experimental animals is not
always available to allow a prediction of ergovaline intake. Any change in gut-fill in response to ergovaline consumption needs to
be accounted for when assessing any impact on body weight. Experimental objectives need to be clear, as the effects of short-term
ergovaline exposure can be masked in a production system by subsequent compensatory growth/production. By identifying these
difficulties, we hope that future work on ergovaline may be more consistent and of greater value to further reviews.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM and Klotz JL}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production {\textendash} The Past 25 Years},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {150-153},
	address = {Dunedin},
	abstract = { },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM}
}
@conference {78993,
	title = {The random bouncing ball},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {88-94},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {A retrospective, biased, personal review of a contribution to animal production research. The review covers aspects of animal behaviour; maternal behaviour, and deer behaviour. It recalls studies on the effect of the heat of warming feed on the lower critical temperature of ruminants and summarises more recent studies on analgesia of the antlers of yearling stags. A significant proportion of the review revolves around work in grazing ecology mainly mixed animal species grazing. Deer are equivalent to sheep in grazing around cattle dung pats; goats have a similar dietary preference for clover as sheep unless the clover is short; cattle are disadvantaged when continuously grazed with sheep, but not with rotational grazing; diet composition is markedly affected by mixed grazing.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM}
}
@conference {75877,
	title = {Why is clover better than ryegrass?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {71-78},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Invercargill},
	abstract = {This review quantitatively compares the nutritive value of ryegrass and clover. It confirms that the animal performance on clover is on average 40\% higher than on ryegrass. It establishes that although the digestibility of clover is less affected by stage of vegetative growth than ryegrass, the digestibility and metabolisable content of the two species is little different when compared at a young vegetative stage. Although the crude protein content of clover is often higher than that of grass the ratio of metabolisable protein to metabolisable energy supply is similar from the two forages. Despite a similar metabolisable energy content, the utilisation of metabolosable energy for growth is higher for clover than ryegrass. This may be due to a greater proportion of energy digestion in the small intestine. Most of the elements of ingestive behaviour, bite size, biting rate and intake rate are greater for clover than ryegrass and consequently the total gazing time and thus cost of harvesting clover are lower. The review concludes by estimating the relative contribution of increased efficiency of utilisation, reduced costs of ingestion and increased intake to the higher animal performance from clover.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM and Edwards GR}
}
@conference {69459,
	title = {The influence of sheep and cattle on the grazing preference of red deer},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {3-7},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Two experiments examined the effect of sheep and cattle on the grazing preference of red deer. In the first experiment deer initially showed a significant (P <0.01) preference to graze on areas of ryegrass/white clover previously grazed for six weeks by cattle (77\% of observations) rather than by sheep (23\% of observations). However, 14 days later, deer grazing was equally distributed between cattle- and sheep-grazed areas (52\% and 48\% of observations respectively). In a second experiment deer, on pastures grazed by deer, showed no preference to graze close to cattle (48\% of observations) or sheep (52\% of observations). The strong but shortlived preference of deer for areas previously grazed by cattle cannot be explained by botanical composition, because although cattle-grazed areas contained a higher percentage of clover (22\% with cattle, 16\% with sheep), this difference was maintained for the later observation period when there was no difference in deer grazing preference. We conclude that any short-term preference shown by deer to graze with cattle rather than sheep is more likely to be due to their respective faeces/urine than their respective presence.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Foote SA and Nicol AM and Ridgway MJ}
}
@conference {69472,
	title = {Investigation of N isotopic fractionation in dairy cows using milk samples collected at the morning and afternoon milkings},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {65-66},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Conversion of feed protein into milk protein is a basis of sustainable dairy production systems from both economic and environmental perspectives. This project addresses the need for rapid screening tools to support nutritional and breeding strategies to improve the efficiency of converting feed into milk protein. The approach is based on the phenomenon of N isotopic fractionation, whereby N sinks become relatively enriched or depleted in 15N, as a result of differential incorporation during various biochemical reactions. Macko et al. (1986) showed that N isotopic fractionation was related to the deamination and transamination of amino acids. Sick et al. (1997) conducted a feeding experiment with rats and found that plasma protein was enriched and plasma urea was depleted in 15N relative to the diet. Furthermore, Robbins et al},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cheng L and Dewhurst RJ and Larkin J and Buckley F and Thackaberry C and Nicol AM and Edwards GR}
}
@conference {60933,
	title = {Effect of water soluble carbohydrate concentration of ryegrass on the partial preference of sheep for clover},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {20-23},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {A trial was carried out to determine whether grass cultivar or water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration would influence the partial preference of sheep for clover and ryegrass. Six mixed age Coopworth ewes were housed in individual pens and once a day offered swardlet monocultures of white clover adjacent to one of three perennial ryegrass cultivars. One swardlet of each grass cultivar was shaded and the other left un-shaded in order to create differences in WSC concentration. WSC concentration did not differ among ryegrass cultivars but was lower in shaded (210 g/kg dry matter (DM)) than non-shaded (230 g/kg DM) ryegrasses. Neutral detergent fibre was significantly higher in the un-shaded (439 g/kg DM) than non-shaded (422 g/kg DM) ryegrass (P <0.01). The total number of bites from clover swardlets fed adjacent to shaded grass swardlets was 21\% greater (P = 0.026) than when fed adjacent to non-shaded grass swardlets. Sheep took a significantly lower proportion of bites from clover when paired with un-shaded (44\%) than shaded (55\%) ryegrass (P = 0.03). There were no significant effects of ryegrass cultivar on any aspect of the preference tests. The results of this work support the hypothesis that partial preference for clover can be manipulated by altering the WSC concentration of companion ryegrass by shading but not, in this case, by ryegrass cultivar. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Allsop ARC and Nicol AM and Edwards GR}
}
@conference {41816,
	title = {High crude protein in autumn pasture does not impair reproductive performance in sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {156-157},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Embryos exposed to ammonia may degenerate or their growth enhanced (McEvoy et al., 1997). Kelly (1982) reported reproductive wastage of 24.9\% in South Island sheep. New Zealand pastures contain high concentrations of crude protein (Chaves et al., 2002) but whether reproductive wastage can partly be explained by ammonia and/or urea toxicity from high protein pasture is unknown. The aims of the present study were to determine the effect of plasma urea concentration on ovulation rate, embryo survival, conception rate and lamb birth weight in ewes joined with the ram on ...Continued },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Madibela OR and Nicol AM and Sykes AR and Jay NP}
}
@conference {42042,
	title = {Variation in diet preference between sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {57-58},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Herbivores show preferences for some dietary components over others (Cosgrove \& Edwards, 2007). The consequence of diet selection is that preferred components of the sward risk depletion and sustainability of sward composition is compromised. Species such as cattle that are less capable of discriminating between components of the sward (Grant et al., 1985) and maintain a higher intake on poorer quality swards (Collins \& Nicol, 1986) are useful in combating the more selective grazing behaviour of sheep. ...Continued },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM and O{\textquoteright}Connor RP and Williams SJ and Bryan SJ}
}
@conference {41742,
	title = {Comparison of the effect of simultaneous grazing of sheep or cattle with hinds during fawning},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {280-284},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Wanaka},
	abstract = {Groups (4) of aged, pregnant red deer hinds (n = 7 or 12) were set-stocked pre-fawning with similar liveweight per ha of either dry ewes or yearling heifers in one of two paddocks equally divided in area (2 replicates). Cattle and sheep were progressively withdrawn from each area independently so that the average pasture height did not fall below 6 cm. The liveweight of the hinds and fawns was recorded and pasture samples taken for botanical and chemical analysis. There was no significant effect of sheep vs. cattle on the liveweight change of hinds or their fawns. All groups of hinds lost condition over lactation even though pasture height was maintained around 6-8 cm. However the liveweight gain of the fawns (from mid January to early March) was close to 350 g/day. Overall, there was no significant difference in composition or quality between the pastures grazed by the two stock combinations. We conclude from this study that under the conditions of this trial, in which the pasture was kept under tight control (6-8 cm) over the whole of lactation, there was no difference in the effect of the co-grazing species (sheep or cattle) on the performance of lactating hinds and their fawns.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM and Edwards GR and Ridgway MJ and Griffiths WM}
}
@conference {41710,
	title = {Integrated livestock management ... challenges and opportunities of farming deer with other livestock},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {107-116},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Wanaka},
	abstract = {A recent survey indicated that approximately 67\% of deer farmers integrate sheepand/or cattle on their deer unit to better match feed demand with the seasonal pattern of pasture growth, maintain pasture quality, particularly during lactation and to control weeds. Integrated stock policies also allow for improved financial risk management and provide flexibility to adjust stock numbers in response to market signals and feed supply. There is evidence from the sheep and beef industries that productivity can be increased from the integration of sheep and cattle compared to a single species system. There is limited information for the integration of sheep and cattle with deer so an assessment of the {\textquoteleft}challenges and opportunities for co-grazing deer with other livestock{\textquoteright} must inevitably rely on extrapolation of knowledge from the co-grazing of sheep, cattle and goats of which there is an extensive literature. This paper identifies the key knowledge needed to meet the challengesand identify the opportunities of grazing deer withother livestock.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM and Griffiths WM and Edwards GR}
}
@conference {41615,
	title = {Sheep and deer grazing of pasture close to cattle dung pats},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {59-63},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {An experiment compared the grazing of deer and sheep on pasture with or without contamination by cattle dung pats. Sheep (35 ewes) and deer (24 hinds) separately grazed 0.4 ha plots of a ryegrass/white clover pasture. Half of the area (4 subplots) was contaminated with artificially applied cattle dung pats (DP), 30 cm in diameter, using fresh cattle dung at an application rate of 1 dung pat per 4 m2. The remaining four subplots were left uncontaminated (NDP). Mean pasture mass was estimated daily (rising plate meter) on DP and NDP plots. In addition, pasture height (sward stick) was recorded daily at 10 cm intervals from 0 to 100 cm from pre-marked dung pats and from pegged point sources in NDP plots. The experiment lasted 10-11 days and mean pasture mass declined from 2850 to 1500 kg DM/ha. Grazing pressure was controlled by altering numbers of livestock to maintain < 250 kg DM/ha difference between each species plot. There was no difference in the mean pasture mass of the sheep or deer grazed plots at any stage of the experiment. However both species grazed pasture near pegs (NDP plots) to a lower mean height (P<0.001) than near dung pats although the difference was greater for deer (7.4 and 9.0 cm near pegs and near dung pats respectively) than sheep (8.0 and 8.3 cm near pegs and dung pats respectively). Sward height of pasture at 10-20 cm from dung pats grazed by deer was higher than sheep grazed pasture for days 1, and 3-7 of the trial (P<0.001). The results from this experiment indicate that although deer graze pasture around cattle dung pats, they show more of a preference for grazing further away from dung pats than do sheep. This finding should help to establish the potential for deer to substitute for sheep under mixed grazing situations involving cattle. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Trotter CG and Nicol AM and Ridgway MJ}
}
@conference {41845,
	title = {Novel versions and uses for animal products},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {335},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {<p class="rtejustify"><span itemprop="text">The genesis of this contract session was a perceived need for an update on the progress being made in the well-documented objective of those involved in the processing and marketing of animal products to move at least a proportion of what was historically a commodity into more valuable market niches. The potential of entry into the apparently lucrative markets of functional foods, pharma- and nutraceuticals, human medicine, and health and wellness has spawned new areas of research and development{\textellipsis} </span></p>
},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM}
}
@conference {41472,
	title = {Is lithium a candidate to modify rutting behaviour in stags?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {58-62},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Preliminary experiments assessed the potential of lithium to moderate the effects of the rut. Young (5-9 month old) stags were used to determine the kinetics of lithium in deer, establish appropriate dose rates, evaluate the opportunity for self-medication and to test whether behaviour would be modified.
The relationship between lithium dose rate and plasma lithium concentration was established from acute administration (5 dose rates, 2 animals per dose) and confirmed with continuous medication for 31 days. A daily dose of 0.6 mmol Li/kg W (as LiCl) achieved a mean plasma Li concentration of (0.78 {\textpm} 0.04 mmol/l), which was within the therapeutic range (0.5{\textendash}1.5 mmol/l).
This daily dose, offered in drinking water (11.2 mmol Li/l as LiCl) to a group of (n=10) young stags induced a decline in both water (14\%) and feed (12\%) intake which was almost recovered after 4 weeks of self-medication. Liveweight gain averaged 252 {\textpm} 27 g/d for +Li animals compared with 263 {\textpm} 21 g/d for the -Li group (NS).
Lithium treated stags moved more freely through a maze than did -Li stags, with 60\% of the animals completing the maze compared with only 10\% of the -Li group. There was no significant difference in the behaviour of +Li and -Li groups to the introduction of a unfamiliar stag or in their response to human handling. This work lays the foundation for studies on the potential for lithium therapy to modify the rut in adult stags. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Prouting MF and Nicol AM and Keeley MJ}
}
@conference {41445,
	title = {The effect of hybridisation on venison production},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {222-228},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {Elk x red deer {\textquoteleft}hybrids{\textquoteleft} or technically, crossbreds make a major contribution to New Zealand venison production. Probably over half of the venison produced from young animals (< 2 yrs of age) contains some proportion of elk genes. Elk, and the numerically more significant {\textquoteleft}hybrid{\textquoteright} (50-88\% elk), stags are used as terminal sires over red deer hinds to produce faster growing progeny. The main benefit of the faster liveweight gain is that a high proportion of hybrids reach slaughter live weight (100 kg+) at around 1 year of age to capture current market premiums. Due to the lesser sexual dimorphism of elk than red deer, hybrid females show a greater increase in liveweight gain and weight-for-age over their red deer counterparts than do males. Most of the advantage in yearling weight of hybrids has accrued by weaning and is, thus, captured by the breeder. The absolute and proportional increase in liveweight of hybrids is greater when live weight gain is high (in autumn and spring and under generous feeding levels) and production systems utilising hybrids must recognise this. The metabolisable energy (ME) requirement for maintenance per unit metabolic weight seems to be higher (20\%) for young hybrids than for red deer, although in contrast, the ME cost of liveweight gain may be slightly lower. Small differences in body composition also exist. However, neither of these necessitates major modification to venison production systems. The widespread use of {\textquoteleft}hybrid{\textquoteleft} stags in the New Zealand deer industry has increased the biological efficiency and economic returns to venison production, although increased liveweight gain and weight-for-age must be offset against a somewhat lower reproductive rate in red deer hinds joined with elk or hybrid stags. Hybridisation has also increased the demand for red deer replacement hinds and raised doubts about the wisdom of retaining hybrid hinds as breeding females. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM and Judson HG and Taylor AW}
}
@conference {41424,
	title = {Recognising the limits to live weight-reproduction relationships in ewes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {140-143},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {The relationship between joining live weight and ovulation rate and number of lambs born was examined in a composite flock of small- and large-framed ewes. Approximately equal numbers of small- (n = 315) and large (n = 305) framed, mixed-age ewes of equal average condition score, selected in the same proportion from 9 commercial flocks (mainly Coopworth), were managed together from early March to pre-lambing. The average pre-joining live weight ({\textpm}SD) of small-framed ewes (61.3 {\textpm}6.35 kg). was significantly (P<0.001) lower than that of large-framed ewes (71.1{\textpm}6.58 kg). Ewes were joined with 14 Coopworth ram hoggets fitted with ram harnesses on 8 April. Ewes marked by rams were temporarily removed from the flock every 7 days for 21 days and ovulation rate (0, 1, 3, 4) recorded by laparoscopy the following day after fasting. Pregnancy status (0, 1, 2 or more) was recorded by ultrasonography on 4 July. Ewes were fully recorded at lambing. The mean ovulation rate (OR) of small-framed ewes was significantly lower (1.76, P<0.05) than that of large-framed ewes (1.92). The regression of OR on joining live weight (jLW) was significant (P<0.001) for small-ewes (OR = 0.0216 x jLW + 0.463) but there was no relationship between OR and jLW in large-framed ewes. Maximum OR (1.92) was predicted to occur at 67.5 kg jLW. The results of this study indicate an upper limit to the live weight ovulation rate relationship. Compared on the basis of equal ewe live weight per ha, OR per ha was 12\% higher for small- than large-framed ewes. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Rutherford L and Nicol AM and Logan CM}
}
@conference {41336,
	title = {An attempt to suppress the rut- associated loss of live weight in stags by immunocastration},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {149-151},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Two trials were conducted to study the effectiveness of vaccination of stags against gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) for minimising the deleterious effects of the rut on their live weight and body condition. In March 2000, mature red deer stags (n = 10) received a s.c. injection of 1.0 ml of vaccine (Improvac{\textregistered}) or saline solution (controls) and a second injection three weeks later. Liveweight loss in the 10 weeks following the initial injection was not affected by the treatment (mean loss 28.6 {\textpm} 4.0 kg and 28.1 {\textpm} 4.2 kg for vaccinated and control groups, respectively). Plasma testosterone concentration was lower (P<0.05) in the vaccinated stags but there was no effect on scrotal diameter. In the following year, stags (n = 10) were injected with 2.0 ml of the vaccine or saline on 18 January and 8 February. Mean liveweight loss in 21 weeks was similar for vaccinated and control groups (41.2 {\textpm} 8.2 kg and 38.8 {\textpm} 7.2 kg, respectively) and there was no treatment effect on the reduction in body condition score. Although vaccinated stags had a lower (P<0.05) mean plasma testosterone concentration than control stags, this effect can be entirely attributed to stags (3 out of 4) that had been vaccinated in the previous year{\textquoteright}s trial. It is concluded that vaccination of stags against GnRH does not overcome the loss in live weight which is associated with the rut in these animals. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Barrell GK and Nicol AM and Keeley MJ}
}
@conference {41335,
	title = {Induced cryptorchidism no solution to the rut},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {145-148},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Two experiments were made to determine if induced cryptorchidism (short-scrotum) would modify behaviour and reduce liveweight loss during the rut without affecting subsequent velvet production. In the first experiment, groups (n = 10) of entire and induced cryptorchid mixed-age stags were used in a behaviour study in consecutive years. In mid-January, stags in the cryptorchid group were sedated with xylazine, and their scrotum shortened as much as possible (two thirds of the length) by the application of two standard lamb castration rings. Behavioural observations made during the rut showed significant (P< 0.05) reductions in the incidence of roaring, chasing and pacing in the cryptorchid group. In a larger scale experiment on six commercial properties, the live weight and condition score change over the rut, and subsequent velvet production was compared on 100 entire and a similar number of cryptorchid stags. Average liveweight loss during the rut (Feb-June) was 17 kg with no significant difference between entire and cryptorchid stags. There was no difference in mean live weight of the two groups the following Sept/Oct and the average velvet weight was 2.48 and 2.41 kg for the entire and cryptorchid stags respectively (P>0.05). Although induced cryptorchidism influenced stag behaviour during the rut, this was not reflected in reduced live weight or condition score loss during this period. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM and Keeley MJ}
}
@conference {41108,
	title = {Source of excess nitrogen may affect nutrient partitioning in lactating ewes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {158-161},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {This experiment tested the hypothesis that the form of surplus nitrogen (ammonia or amino acids) affects nutrient partitioning in lactating ruminants. Nine, abomasally-cannulated, 4 year old Coopworth ewes (66.4 {\textpm} 5.9 kg liveweight), suckling twin lambs were offered a basal diet designed to meet their requirements for ME and MP in 12 equal portions at 2 h intervals for two periods of five weeks.  During both periods, ewes were allocated to one of three groups; continuous abomasal infusion of 2 l water/day (control), infusion of 150 g sodium caseinate (20g N) dissolved in 2 l water or 85 g ammonium bicarbonate (15 g N) in 2 l water.  Liveweight change of ewes and lambs, ewe milk production and composition and nitrogen balances were measured. Treatments had no significant effect on ewe dry matter intake, in vivo dry matter digestibility or ewe liveweight change.  Rela-tive to control, casein infusion increased milk production (33\%) and lamb liveweight gain (by 26\% from 132 to 166 g/day) but had no effect on milk composition.  In contrast ammonia infusion decreased milk production (15\%), reduced milk protein concentration (from 63 to 56 g/kg), increased milk fat concentration (from 66 to 75 g/kg) and reduced lamb liveweight gain (from 132 to 66 g/day).  The N apparently utilised (dietary N + infusate N  faecal N  urine N) was apportioned (milk N : body N) in ratios of 0.86 : 0.14, 1.0 : 0 and 0.52 : 0.48 for control, casein and ammonia infusions respectively. It is concluded that excess N in the form of ammonia diverted protein from milk production to body retention, thus the form of surplus N may affect nutrient partitioning in lactating ewes.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Malik B and Nicol AM and Van Houtert M}
}
@conference {40898,
	title = {The effect of the presence of steers on the behaviour of grazing yearling bulls.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {96-99},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Elements of the behaviour of sub-adult grazing bulls can lead to physical damage to animals, pastures and farm structures. We tested whether the presence of steers would modulate bull behaviour. In two experiments, 32 fourteen-month-old Friesian bulls (average live weight 346kg) and 32 Friesian steers (341kg liveweight) in groups of 10 to 32 animals were rotationally grazed on permanent pasture at a stocking rate of 23 cattle/ha for 12 to 16 days. The incidence of agonistic behaviour (mounting, teasing, butting, pushing, displaying) was monitored by continuous recording during two, 3 hour observation periods each day at 2 day intervals},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM and Meikle AJ}
}
@conference {40796,
	title = {Frequency distribution of sward height on pastures grazed by cattle alone or co-grazed with sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {125-129},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Pasture height is increasingly employed in feed planning as a measure  of pasture availability. The frequency distribution of pasture height on a  ryegrass/white clover pasture grazed by steers has been shown to be a  double normal distribution representing },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Kitessa SM and Nicol AM}
}
@conference {40698,
	title = {Compensatory growth in cattle - revisited},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {157-160},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Perendale flocks bred for divergence in lambs},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM and Kitessa SM}
}
@conference {40488,
	title = {Ewe maternal behaviour score and ewe and lamb activity from birth to suckling},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {201-202},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {An experiment was conducted to examine the ability of Saanen kids to develop an effective resistance to re-infection by Haemonchus contortus. Kids were divided into three groups. Those in Groups I and III had received colostrum at birth while those in Group II were removed from their dams at birth in order to deprive them of colostrum. All kids were reared in the absence of parasites. At the start of the study they were 10-14 weeks of age. Each animal was given 350 infective larvae of H.  contortus per kg liveweight during weeks 0, 6 and 17. During week 16 all kids in Group III were treated with levamisole to remove infections prior to re-infection. Faecal nematode egg counts (FEC) were determined at weekly intervals throughout the trial. All animals were killed to determine worm burdens 8 weeks after the final dosing with larvae. FEC of all groups peaked 5-6 weeks after each infection. Re-infections at weeks 6 and 17 were followed by continued declining egg counts in all three groups. Although worm counts for the three groups were not significantly different, establishment rates based on total larvae given after anthelmintic treatment were higher in Group III (15.2\%) than in Group I (7.0\%) or Group II (6.0\%) even though both had remained untreated. Female worms dominated males when infections were superimposed (Group I - 1:0.42; Group II - 1:0.44) however, female and males were found in roughly equal proportions when infections were removed by anthelmintic prior to challenge at 17 weeks (Group III = 1.06:1). These data suggest that, in Saanen kids, recruitment into the population is affected by repeated exposure to H. contortus in the presence of an existing worm burden. One explanation is that the natural death rate may be similar to the recruitment rate however, given the similarity in worm numbers and the continuing decline in FEC across treatments, worm fecundity would have to have been depressed dramatically by some mechanism in order to effect this result. Further work is on-going to resolve these and other issues.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Parker RJ and Nicol AM}
}
@conference {40522,
	title = {Liveweight and body condition change through pregnancy as a predictor of ewe litter size},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {339-342},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Data from 95 lamb carcasses (2 data sets) and 90 bull carcasses were used to examine relationships between objective measures of carcass muscling and subjective scores of muscularity or conformation. Objective indexes calculated for lamb carcasses included muscle to bone ratios (M:B), muscularity indexes (MUSC) for both the leg and the whole side, the ratio of eye muscle depth to width (B:A), weight-adjusted eye muscle area and carcass weight per unit length. Similar variables were calculated for beef carcasses except that the weights of three commercial leg cuts were used in place of dissected muscle weights. Leg MUSC had the closest relationships with subjective scores of muscularity or conformation (R2\% = 69 to 80\% for lambs and 56\% for bulls), with leg M:B being only slightly inferior (R2\% = 62\% for lambs and 652\% for bulls).  Side MUSC or M:B were the next best as predictors, but variables based on the eye muscle were poor. Carcass weight per unit length showed close relationships with subjective scores in some cases but its usefulness is limited by the fact that it can be influenced by fatness and is breed related. These results support the contention that measures of M:B may not always reflect muscularity scores because they are based on weights rather than depths and lengths. It is concluded that the objective measures of MUSC used here reflect subjective scores satisfactorily, given that subjective scores have limitations with respect to repeatability. MUSC based on the femur and the muscles or cuts surrounding it, in particular, may constitute a useful objective standard for use in the industry.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Judson HG and Nicol AM}
}
@conference {40361,
	title = {The New Zealand Society of Animal Production - After the Jubilee},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {1-2},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Rib-eye muscle (M. longissimus lumborum) area (REA) and depth  (B) at the 12th rib were ultrasonically measured on 89 ram lambs from 3  sire breeds. The lambs were then slaughtered and these live measures  plus carcass weight were evaluated as predictors of the corresponding  carcass measures and the following two measures of muscling, based on  four muscles surrounding the femur bone and the femur itself: 1.  Muscle:Bone ratio (M:B), and 2: Muscularity (MUSC), defined as an index  of muscle depth (square root of the weight of the four muscles per unit  femur bone length) relative to a skeletal dimension (femur length).  Prediction of carcass REA and B from ultrasonic REA and B, after  adjusting for carcass weight, was more effective for B (partial r=0.40)  than REA (partial r=0.18). The main problems with prediction arose with  higher values (B>33mm), when ultrasonic values underestimated actual  carcass values. REA and B (ultrasonic live and direct carcass)  significantly (p<0.001) improved the prediction of MUSC or M:B over  carcass weight alone, but did not account for the highly significant  (P<0.001) breed effect on these traits. It is concluded that ultrasonic  and carcass measures of REA and B provide useful but limited information  on lamb leg muscularity.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM}
}
@conference {40383,
	title = {Nutrient supply for lamb growth from Grasslands Puna chicory (Cichorium intybus) and Wana cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata)},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {85-88},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The long-term success of any recording scheme depends on access  to a genetically-structured database of performance records. Ram  breeders in New Zealand have indicated preference for a system providing  within-flock breeding value prediction via on-farm personal computers or  through commercial bureaux on a regional level. This paper describes  recent developments in industry structure in relation to animal  evaluation and access to field data for research.   Ram buyers, breeders and extension agents all benefit from consistent  techniques for calculating and summarising the breeding worth of  animals. The within-flock methodology prototyped in Animalplan has now  been used to form the basis of a "genetic engine", available under  licence, for incorporation into commercial programmes with database and  reporting capabilities.   Across-flock genetic evaluation (e.g. sire reference analyses) may  require access to information from a number of distributed databases. A  national identification system which recognises animals used in flocks  other than their birth flock is re-requisite to analysis. The National  Database has been initiated to ensure the integrity of data and to  safeguard such pedigree and performance records for a wide variety of  purposes. It will be updated annually to provide a single source for  across-flock Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) evaluation.   The provision of the National Database ensures continued access to field  data for animal breeding and other applied research. Genetic  development of the scheme will come from improved specification of the  production model (e.g. new traits and indicators of non-genetic effects)  and from improve statistical approaches (e.g. BLUP and estimates of  distributed parameters), all requiring access to and analysis of large  bodies of genetically-structured field data.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Komolong K and Nicol AM and Poppi DP and Fraser TJ and Kirsopp S}
}
@conference {40195,
	title = {Estimation of the pasture horizons grazed by cattle, sheep and goats during single and mixed grazing},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1990},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {49-53},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The nutritional treatment of lambs influences the extent of carcass   fat deposition. Suckled lambs deposit more fat than weaned lambs with   associated increases in plasma glucose and insulin levels. To   investigate the mechanisms involved, groups of lambs with different   insulin profiles were created, either nutritionally or by infusing   insulin, and the effect on carcass composition determined. Border   Leicester x Dorset lambs were either weaned at 5 weeks of age or   remained suckling with access to grass. Twenty four lambs were   slaughtered at 12 weeks of age, the remaining lambs were slaughtered at   23 weeks of age. A subset of both weaned and suckled lambs were treated   with exogenous insulin from 5 weeks until slaughter. Insulin status was   assessed by the glucose tolerance test and by the response of plasma   glucose to injected insulin. The prolonged suckling of lambs increased   carcass fatness and decreased carcass protein compared to early weaned   lambs. Infusing insulin decreased carcass fatness and increased carcass   protein. The alterations in carcass composition were associated with   changes in the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin.    },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM and Collins HA}
}
@conference {40227,
	title = {The measurement of serum immunoglobulin concentration to estimate lamb colostrum intake},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1990},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {275-278},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Sixty-four wild possums, housed in individual cages, were   divided into four groups based on sex and colour phase (dark or grey).   The animals were assessed for fur quality and growth in March and were   pair-matched for sex, colour phase, fur quality and growth. One possum   from each pair was implanted with a 18 mg melatonin implant. By June   there was a small improvement in fur quality which was independent of   the localised regrowth of patches of missing fur. No overall change in   the level of fur growth representing seasonal pelage renewal was   recorded. The younger possums had a higher fur quality than older   animals (p<0.001) but over the course of the experiment the difference   (p0.05) than male pelts. Melatonin had no effect, either on pelt   characteristics or on live weights.    },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Parker RJ and Nicol AM}
}
@conference {40174,
	title = {The influence of sward height on the mechanics of grazing in steers and bulls},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1989},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {233-236},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A low cost system for producing early lambs is desirable both to capitalise on Hawkes Bay{\textquoteright}s climatic advantage of a mild winter and to minimise the feed deficit that results from a dry summer. A series of trials was undertaken to develop a system for using the "ram" effect to stimulate early oestrus (December/January) in otherwise anoestrous Romney ewes. When Poll Dorset rams (5\%) and oestrous Poll Dorset ewes (10\%) were joined with Romney ewes in early December, more ewes were mated after 3 cycles than when Poll Dorset rams alone were joined. The effectiveness of social facilitation appeared to vary between years with between 39 and 97\% of Romney ewes mated after 3 cycles to an early December joining. The social facilitation effect also appeared to be less marked at a January joining. Romney ewes with a range of lambing rates from May to September and mean lactation periods of 12 weeks were weaned at varying intervals (12. 6 and 0 weeks) prior to ram introduction in early December. There was no difference in rate of onset of oestrus. Mean lambing dates for 90\% of the ewes in the 3 groups were 18th, 12th and 10th June, respectively. There was no effect of live weight or body condition on date of first oestrus. Romney ewes were exchanged between Hawkes Bay and Wanganui to examine the effect of genotype and environment on the onset of oestrus. Poll Dorset rams (6\%) were introduced on 30th November. By the 27th January 87\% of ewes had been mated at the Hawkes Bay site compared with 15\% at Wanganui. At each location there was little difference between ewes from the two sources in rate of onset of oestrus.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Mursan A and Hughes TP and Nicol AM and Sugiura T}
}
@conference {40084,
	title = {A comparison of ultrasound backfat measurements on sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1988},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {33-36},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Mating records from Dairy Board files for 1984 were analysed. First inseminations with liquid semen were considered, and the effect of several factors on conception analysed. Conception was scored as 1 if a calving occurred 272 to 293d after insemination, and 0 if a calving occurred outside that interval. Only records from animals with a known calving date were included. The data were analysed by linear model techniques, with conception as a dependent variable. The factors contributing to variation in conception were (in order of declining importance): herd, technician, post-partum interval, service sire and age of cow. The R2 was 0.072 indicating that most of the variation is caused by binomial error.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM and Jay NP and Beatson PR}
}
@conference {40007,
	title = {The consequence for feed dry matter intake of grazing sheep, cattle and goats to the same residual herbage mass},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {46},
	year = {1986},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {125-128},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {On 6 Taranaki hill country farms, the effect of herbage mass and composition on the growth of lambs from birth to weaning was studied. On each farm 2 representative paddocks were selected and set-stocked with ewes from before lambing to weaning. Ewes and lambs were weighed at docking (early October), mid-November and at weaning in mid-December. Pastures were assessed fortnightly for herbage mass and composition. From docking to mid-November, no association between herbage mass and live-weight gain was found. The only factor influencing live-weight gain of ewes and lambs over this period was the percentage of green leaf material in the pasture. However, the live-weight gains of ewes and lambs from mid-November to weaning were negatively correlated with total herbage mass at lambing. Also over this period, live-weight gains of ewes were positively correlated with percentage of green, and negatively correlated with the percentage of stem, in pasture. With increasing levels of herbage mass at lambing there was associated decline in the percentage of green and increase in the percentage of stem in pastures over the mid-November to weaning period. Despite a large variation in stocking (11 to 26 su/ha) no relationship between stocking rate and live-weight gain of ewes or lambs was found. However, the total live-weight of lambs weaned/ha was correlated with stocking rate. The relationships established between pasture parameters and animal performance and between live weight of lambs weaned/ha and stocking rate indicate that higher spring stocking rates in Taranaki hill country than are presently adopted may decrease herbage mass at lambing thereby increasing the proportion of green herbage which will improve lamb growth and overall production/ha.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Collins HA and Nicol AM}
}
@conference {39966,
	title = {Ewe maternal behaviour score and lamb survival},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1985},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {159-162},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Data on live weight (LW) and condition score (CS) were collected in a large scale breed evaluation at Goudies (Department of Lands and Survey, Rotorua). The LW data were obtained 4 times a year; the CS data on a 1 to 10 scale similar to the Ellinbank scale (10 fattest), were obtained on 7 occasions from April 1982 to February 1984. Seven breed groups, 5 2-breed crosses and 2 straightbreds (Angus and Herefords), were compared. The crosses were Hereford-Angus (HA, including its reciprocal), South Devon-Angus (Sd.A), Friesian-Angus (FA), Friesian- Hereford (FH) and Jersey-Angus (JA). Breed differences for LW and CS were reasonably consistent between years or seasons, in spite of large year effects and significant breed x age interactions. The CS means for JA, FA and FH were 0.9, 0.5 and 0.6 units less than for Angus cows, which in turn were 0.3 and 0.7 units lower than HA and Herefords respectively. The scores of Sd.A cows were near the average of the 7 groups together, but they were heaviest, being 22 kg above the herd mean.  It is suggested on the basis of this evidence that using the same target for LW or CS for different breed crosses is unrealistic. Within breed and age groups, the correlation between August and November CS was 0.43. The equivalent figure for LW was 0.84. For each unit increase in CS, LW rose by 25.2 kg (r=0.53, range 0.42 to 0.60 on different recording occasions.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Connor CE and Jay NP and Nicol AM and Beatson PR}
}
@conference {39925,
	title = {Influence of individual beef cuts on net carcass value},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {44},
	year = {1984},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {235-238},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Expected rates of genetic change in lamb growth and composition were calculated for 2 different selection goals; increase in lean growth rate (LRG) and decrease in weight-adjusted \% fat (APF). Carcass fatness was measured in a number of ways on an animal{\textquoteright}s own or its relatives{\textquoteright} performance. Under either selection goal, all selection programmes resulted in reduced \% fat adjusted for age. All selection programmes for either selection goal improved lean weight but there was little improvement over selection for live weight alone. Alternatively, use of fat measurements did not decrease lean weight improvement and resulted in leaner carcasses. Changing carcasses from 13.5 kg and 25\% fat to at least 15 kg and no more than 24\% fat was most quickly achieved by selecting against APF.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Selbie PB and Nicol AM and Mellon MJ and Bass JJ and Duganzich D}
}
@conference {39929,
	title = {Methods of ranking two-tooth rams for fat-free carcass growth rate},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {44},
	year = {1984},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {253-256},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Eight herds each of 24 Friesian cows were stocked at 3.7 cows/ha on separate farmlets during 1982-83 and 1983-84. Annual production per5 hectare averaged 710 kg fat, 537 kg protein, 740 kg lactose and 16.7 t solids corrected milk (SCM). Annual DM intake was 15.8 t/ha and live weight (LW) during lactation, 1487 kg/ha. In a contemporary farmlet trial at an adjoining dairy, 4 purebred Jersey herds each of 15 cows were stocked at 2.8, 3.3, 3.8 and 4.3 cows/ha. Regression analysis was used to derive estimates of the performance of the Jerseys at the same stocking rate, and at a stocking rate that resulted in the same LW/ha, as the Friesians. At a common stocking rate of 3.7 cows/ha, the Friesians were estimated to produce 7, 15, and 13\% more fat, protein, and SCM/ha than the Jerseys. Annual conversion efficiency (g milk constituent/kg DM) of the Friesians was estimated to be 10\% higher for fat and 18\% higher for milk solids than the Jerseys. At the same LW/ha, requiring a Jersey stocking rate of 4.21 cows/ha, the Friesians were estimated to outproduce the Jerseys by 3, 13 and 10\% for fat, protein and SCM/ha respectively. Annual conversion efficiency for the Friesians was estimated to be 15 and 25\% higher for fat and milk solids respectively than for the Jerseys. For Jerseys, estimated maximum yields per hectare of milkfat and milk solids were at 4.45 and 4.37 cows/ha and were 686 kg fat/ha and 1761 kg milk solids/ha; 4 and 13\% respectively less than produced by the Friesians stocked at 3.7 cows/ha. The superior production of the Friesians was due to their higher food conversion efficiency, not to the higher food intake.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM and Parratt AC}
}
@conference {39728,
	title = {The heat of warming feed},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1981},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {152-162},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM and Young BA}
}
@conference {39549,
	title = {The influence of plane of nutrition immediately post-calving on the performance of beef cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1977},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {103-108},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM}
}
@conference {39510,
	title = {The influence of breed of calf on the milk production of beef cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1976},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {93-98},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM}
}
@conference {39508,
	title = {The influence of stubble height on digestibility, intake and liveweight gain on beef steers},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1976},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {81-86},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM and Clarke DG and Munro J and Smith MC}
}
@conference {39524,
	title = {A new show class in an agricultural show},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1976},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {204-209},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Todhunter RC and Nicol AM}
}
@conference {39496,
	title = {Observations on the behaviour of single-suckled calves from birth to 120 days},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {35},
	year = {1975},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {221-230},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM and Sharafeldin MA}
}
@conference {39429,
	title = {Comparison between two methods of selecting 20-month steers for slaughter},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {34},
	year = {1974},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {96-99},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM}
}
@conference {39399,
	title = {Measurement of the Milk Consumption of Suckling Beef Calves by an Isotope Dilution Method},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {33},
	year = {1973},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {176-183},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicol AM and Irvine CHG}
}
@conference {39304,
	title = {Pasture type and lamb carcass composition},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {30},
	year = {1970},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {116-122},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Jagusch KT and Nicol AM}
}
