@conference {78992,
	title = {"Grass to milk" and beyond},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {81-87},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Dr C.P. McMeekan{\textquoteright}s book, "Grass to milk", has been used as the basis of this paper. It is an historical account of a dairying system based on cows harvesting improved pastures in situ following a seasonally concentrated calving in the late winter. It was published in 1960, not as a text book, but as McMeekan{\textquoteright}s "complete philosophy of New Zealand dairy farming". The book{\textquoteright}s contents present an opportunity to compare "performance" statistics for the described dairying system with those recently published in the peer reviewed literature and elsewhere. Commendable advances have been made in cow yield per lactation and feed conversion efficiency as well as in dry matter harvested per hectare. However, these advances have been partly offset by an increase in cow wastage, largely due to lower reproductive performance, even in research herds, in spite of interventions such as induced calving and treating anoestrous cows. What should be obvious from reviewing the seminal publication of McMeekan is that most of the management concepts described by McMeekan have stood the test of time and are as relevant today as they were 50 years ago.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Roche JR}
}
@conference {69534,
	title = {Jim Peterson: {\textendash} A career in reproductive biology},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {319-331},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Our collaboration was both long and successful with a total of 39 publications as co-authors over a period of 32 years. Our first paper was in 1973 and our last in 2005. The collaboration was successful because it combined Jim{\textquoteright}s unique and pioneering ability to develop hormone assays with my knowledge and experience in reproductive physiology. It resulted in a number of seminal papers containing new knowledge that was then used by workers nationally and internationally to increase the understanding of hormones, their effects and interactions.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Back P and Smith JF and Welch RAS and Macmillan KL and Ledgard AM and Peterson AJ and Tervit HR}
}
@conference {41794,
	title = {Association between milk protein concentration and preceding reproductive performance in Holstein-Friesian heifers and cows in Australia},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {69-72},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Milk protein concentration (MP\%) has been associated with reproductive performance amongst parous dairy cows. This study aimed to assess whether early lactation MP\% of primiparous cows was associated with prior reproductive performance, and to compare the strength of the association between MP\% and previous reproductive performance in nulliparous heifers with that in multiparous cows. Primiparous (n = 918 in 35 herds) and multiparous (n = 4,242 in 64 herds) Holstein-Friesian cows with milk production/composition records and sire genetic information in seasonally calving herds were selected from the InCalf database. The date for each herd{\textquoteright}s planned start of calving (PSC) was calculated as being 282 d after the date breeding started. The interval between a herd{\textquoteright}s PSC date and each cow{\textquoteright}s actual calving date (PSC - CI) will therefore reflect time to conception during the previous breeding period. Higher MP\% was positively associated with shorter PSC-CI in both primiparous and multiparous cows. Across the range of cows that had a MP\% that was {\textpm} 0.5\% of the herd{\textquoteright}s mean MP\%, those with the lowest MP\% had an average PSC-CI that was either 13 d or from 28 to 32 d later in primiparous or multiparous cows, respectively. These associations were likely due to biological determinants present before and during the cow{\textquoteright}s breeding period that were associated with both reproductive performance and subsequent MP\%. Since these determinants affected the reproductive performance of non-lactating heifers, some of the associations with MP\% were not related to lactation-specific factors even though these same factors may have increased the effect of low MP\% on the reproductive performance of the multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fahey J and Morton JM and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {41798,
	title = {Economic modelling of the comparative performance of Jersey x Holstein - Friesian crossbred cows in Victorian Holstein-Friesian herds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {84-87},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {An economic model was developed to compare two different farm systems using the production results and reproductive performance figures derived from an observational study of 14 seasonally calving dairy herds in Victoria. The farm systems modelled were a crossbred herd comprising Jersey x Holstein-Friesian and Holstein-Friesian x (Jersey x Holstein-Friesian) breed types and a herd of Holstein-Friesian cows with farm operating profit as the outcome. A direct comparison of the two farming systems demonstrated a clear advantage in operating profit that averaged A$21,194 for the 267 cows in the crossbred herd compared to the 252 cows in the Holstein-Friesian herd. The difference in profit was due to the higher potential stocking rate of the crossbred herd (2.27 vs 2.15 cows/ha) because of their lower live weight (1 crossbred cow = 0.93 Holstein-Friesian cow) and superior reproductive performance (84\% vs 77\% pregnancy rate after 14 weeks) resulting in longer survival and reduced investment in replacement rearing costs. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Pyman MF and Malcolm W and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {41802,
	title = {Heritability of IGF-1 and its genetic correlation with milk yield in Holstein-Friesian cows in selected Victorian herds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {98-99},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a small peptide, produced mainly in the liver. It controls the growth and differentiation of many cell types through stimulation of the cell cycle (Rechler \& Nissley, 1990). IGF-1 has been implicated as being involved in many biological processes and is thought to be related to milk production and reproductive potential of the dairy cow due to its association with the partitioning of nutrients among biological functions (Bauman \& Currie, 1980) and its direct stimulatory affect on the ovaries (Spicer et al., 1993). ...Continued },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Stirling TE and Stockdale CR and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {41795,
	title = {Luteal function in pregnant and non-pregnant non-cycling inseminated cows ( Phantom cows )},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {73-76},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Cows that do not return to oestrus within 24 days of insemination but are retrospectively diagnosed as not pregnant (non-return, non-pregnant or "Phantom" cows), frequently have a functional corpus luteum (CL) that does not regress. In this study, luteal function around the time of pregnancy diagnosis was compared between pregnant cows and "Phantom" cows with a CL. Cows in two dairy herds that had not returned to oestrus following first insemination were pregnancy tested by ultrasound 5 weeks after insemination. Final analyses included 17 pregnant cows that were cycling normally before being inseminated (CYCP); 22 pregnant cows that had been treated for anoestrus (ANP); and 11 "Phantom" (PC) cows that had not cycled since first insemination and were not pregnant. Blood and CL samples that were collected from each cow between 34 and 38 days after first insemination were assayed for progesterone (P4). Luteal P4 concentrations were similar in pregnant and PC cows (101.6 {\textpm} 9.9, 100.7 {\textpm} 8.9 and 98.9 {\textpm} 12.4 ng/mg for CYCP, ANP and PC cows). Plasma P4 concentrations were also similar (8.5 {\textpm} 0.5, 7.6 {\textpm} 0.4 and 7.1 {\textpm} 0.6 ng/mL) for CYCP, ANP and PC cows. The absence of a return to oestrus in this group of PC cows was most likely related to pregnancy recognition being followed by embryo death and then associated with a failure of luteolysis. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bowyer-Smyth JM and Malmo J and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {41667,
	title = {Effects of artificial insemination on the incidence of long return intervals},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {325-328},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {The Phantom Cow Syndrome is a major impediment to achieving compact conception patterns in Victorian herds. Some inseminated cows fail to return for a further insemination even though they are not pregnant because the corpus luteum formed following insemination is maintained for an extended period. Five years of records were obtained from a herd of Holstein cows in Northern Victoria. Each cow was fitted with a hock tag that combined electronic identification with pedometer monitoring for oestrus. It was the only detection method used within a herd of up to 550 cows that had three AB programs of 6 to 8 weeks in each year. There were periods when cows detected in oestrus would be inseminated and others when they would not. Records were available for 2777 inseminations. The return intervals following these inseminations were classified as: Short (<18 days); Normal (18 to 24 days); or Long (>24 days). The overall conception rate for the 2777 inseminations made from 41 days to 160 days post-calving was 41.7\%. The 417 Long intervals represented 15\% of all inseminations and 25.8\% of cows not confirmed pregnant to a preceding insemination. Only 54 of 1459 oestrus events (3.7\%) not associated with an insemination were followed by a Long cycle (P<0.001). The proportion of Long returns declined linearly from 19.9\% among the 738 cows inseminated from 41 to 60 days post-calving to 7.4\% among the 189 cows inseminated from 141 to 160 days post-calving. These results demonstrated that the percentage of Long return intervals increased significantly following insemination. The magnitude of this increase declined with an increase in the interval from calving to insemination. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Pino CS and Macmillan KL and Anderson GA}
}
@conference {41671,
	title = {Variation in yields of milk and milk solids in Holstein cows induced to calve prematurely},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {344-349},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {Milk production was compared between multiparous Holstein cows that were induced to calve and herdmates that calved spontaneously at approximately the same time in 88 dairy herds from Victoria and Tasmania. Yield averages for each herd were calculated for induced and spontaneously calving cows for milk volume, milkfat and protein during the first 120 days of lactation and for 305 days. Associations between induced and spontaneously calving groups for 305-day yields were described using linear equations. Slopes ranged from 0.82 (for milk yield) to 0.87 (for protein yield) and R2 values ranged from 0.84 to 0.88 (P<0.001). The average reduction in milk yield over the 88 herds was 366 litres (7\%). The estimated milk yield reduction for induced groups in herds where spontaneously calving contemporaries averaged only 3500 litres per 305 days was 40 litres (1.1\%) compared to an average estimated reduction of 915 litres (11\%) in herds averaging 8500 litres. Similar proportional reductions were calculated for 305-day yields of milkfat and protein. Collectively these results show that yield reductions following induced premature parturition are substantially higher in absolute as well as proportional terms in herds with higher milk yields. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Jaques SA and Macmillan KL and Anderson GA and Morton JM}
}
@conference {41411,
	title = {Relationships between milk protein percentage and reproductive performance in Australian dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {82-86},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {The InCalf Project included a large, prospective, observational field study that described the reproductive performance of 29,462 dairy cows in 168 herds throughout Australia. Milk protein percentage was identified as one of six factors associated with herd reproductive performance. In this further study, a subset of the original database was used and then refined to only include Holstein cows with between one and five milk production records during the first 120 days of lactation in seasonal-calving herds which carried out artificial insemination (AI) for at least the first six weeks of the mating period. This subset then comprised 8,795 cows in 66 herds. Cows in the subset were divided into four quartiles based on early lactation milk protein percentage and five intervals from calving to mating start date (MSD). Three week submission rate and six-week in-calf rate were lower (P<0.001) and the 21-week not-in-calf rate was higher (P<0.001) for cows in the lowest compared to the highest quartiles for milk protein percent. The association between milk protein percentage and reproductive performance was driven mainly by the incidence of non-cycling cows with consequent effects on submission rate in the first three weeks of AI as well as in the second three weeks. In conclusion, late calving cows with low milk protein percentage were at the greatest risk of not being submitted for AI and remaining not in-calf at the end of a relatively long mating period of 21 weeks. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fahey J and Morton J and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {41308,
	title = {Predicting the onset of parturition during the late gestation in dairy cows using udder scoring and hormonal profiling},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {34-37},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Sixty-four cows were blood sampled and physical signs of impending parturition were scored daily from Day 272. Sampling and scoring ceased on Day 282 of gestation or when parturition occurred, whichever came about first. Mean udder development scores increased from 2.0 {\textpm} 0.76 ({\textpm} SD) on Day -10 (ten days prior to parturition) to 3.2 {\textpm} 0.72 ({\textpm} SD) on Day 0 (day of parturition) with 84\% of cows having an udder score of 3 or 4 on the day prior to parturition (Day -1). Teat distension, vulva swelling and oedema were not useful as indicators of imminent parturition. Udder score was the most useful predictor, but the low frequency of scores less than 2 and greater than 3 on any one day resulted in unstable models. Plasma samples were assayed for progesterone, PGF2a metabolites (PGFM), cortisol and oestradiol. Oestradiol concentration on Day 274 was a useful predictor of whether an individual cow would calve within eight days (P=0.02). Plasma oestradiol concentrations used to build models to predict whether a cow would calve within the next five days were accurate from Day 272 to 275 of gestation (P<0.05). Progesterone, PGFM and cortisol were unreliable indicators. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Davis KL and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {41281,
	title = {Controlled Calving with induction of parturition on Day 274 of gestation in dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {184-187},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {The response and effects of inducing parturition on Day 274 of gestation in dairy cows with synchronised conception dates was investigated in selected herds around Victoria. Cows (n=227) were injected with dexamethasone trimethylacetate (30 mg, i.m.) with 444 herdmates as controls. Randomisation was based on scored udder development. Blood samples taken on Days 272 and 274 had average plasma progesterone concentrations of 4.50 and 4.49 ng/ml respectively (P>0.05). Treated (T) cows calved an average of 2.61 {\textpm} 0.21 days before their due date, compared to 0.17 {\textpm} 0.20 days for control (C) cows (P<0.001). There were no differences in the proportion of cows displaying symptoms of milk fever, mastitis, paralysis or acute metritis. The incidence of retained foetal membranes at 12h postpartum differed between the two groups (3\% vs. 16\%; C vs. T; P<0.005). Control cows received more assistance at parturition (15\% vs. 10\%, P<0.05). There were no differences between groups for cow or calf mortality, or for any parameter of milk yield. The effect of treatment on subsequent fertility was minimal. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Davis KL and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {41280,
	title = {Factors associated with the incidence of {\textquoteright}Phantom cows{\textquoteright} in Australian dairy herds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {180-183},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {A major cause of delayed pregnancy and reproductive wastage in Australian dairy cattle is the failure of cows to be re-inseminated within 24 days of an unsuccessful insemination. Four commercial herds were observed to determine the incidence of this syndrome. Those cows inseminated in the first three weeks of the mating season (n=721 cows) were observed for a subsequent return to service, and non-return cows were diagnosed for pregnancy. Overall, 45\% of cows were confirmed pregnant to first service, 37\% returned to service within 24 days, and 19\% were diagnosed as non-return, non-pregnant cows (Phantom cows). The majority of cases of Phantom cows (89\%) were explained as having: a) a CL but not returning for service; b) having an abnormally long return to service (25 to 39 days); or, c) reverting to an anoestrous state. Other cases (<5\% incidence) included ovarian cysts, pyometra and uterine adhesions. Repeated diagnoses of pregnancy identified few cases in which a pregnancy appeared to have failed (3.3\%). The incidence of Phantom cows was higher for CIDR-treated anoestrous cows than cows synchronised with prostaglandin, and lowest for those cows not treated. These observations form the basis for further study of this syndrome in Australian herds. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nation DP and Morton J and Cavalieri J and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {41279,
	title = {Resynchronising returns-to-service in anoestrous cows in Victorian dairy herds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {176-179},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Many cows treated for anovulatory anoestrus in Victorian herds which fail to conceive to first insemination also fail to return-to-service 18 to 24 days later. A trial in 16 herds in the Maffra district determined whether treatments to re-synchronise returns-to-service could also increase submission rates for a second insemination in these cows. The 810 Holstein cows initially treated for anovulatory anoestrus provided 691 for inclusion in the study. A previously used CIDRTM device was re-inserted 12 to 14 days after first insemination with injected oestradiol benzoate (1mg ODB), and was removed 7 days later. Some cows received no further treatment (Group 1; n=357); the remainder were each injected with 0.5mg ODB 24h after device removal (Group 2; n=334). Conception rates were similar for the two Groups (1st insem: 29\% vs. 32\%; 2nd insem: 44.5\% vs. 46.4\%). The higher submission rate for synchronised second inseminations in Group 2 (40\% vs. 65\%; P<0.01) meant that the median interval from first insemination to conception was reduced from 42 days (Group 1) to 23 days (Group 2 ; P<0.01); pregnancy rates after 6 weeks of AI were increased from 51.5\% to 59.6\%, respectively (P<0.01). The injection of ODB given after device removal for resynchrony improved the efficacy of treating anoestrous cows in these Victorian herds. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Eagles VE and Malmo J and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40994,
	title = {Effects of oestradiol benzoate by injection at CIDR insertion for the treatment of postpartum anovulatory anoestrus in dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {82-84},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The effect of an intramuscular (im) injection of oestradiol benzoate (ODB) at insertion of an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (CIDRTM, InterAg, NZ) during hormonal treatment for postpartum anoestrum in dairy cattle was investigated. Inclusion of injected ODB at CIDRTM insertion in synchronisation programmes for cycling cows can increase fertility, possibly by initiating an emergence of a new ovarian follicle wave with resultant improved oocyte competence. A total of 882 cows, of mixed age and breed from 18 herds, were examined and diagnosed as anoestrous during the week preceding each herd{\textquoteright}s planned start of mating. Cows were allocated randomly as controls or to receive 0.5 or 1 mg ODB (Oestradiol Benzoate Inj., Intervet, Netherlands) by im injection at CIDRTM insertion. The device was removed after 7 days, and any cow which was not observed in spontaneous oestrus within 48 h received 1 mg ODB im (CIDIROLTM Injection, InterAg, NZ). Cows with an observed heat within 12 days of CIDRTM removal were defined as responders, and returns to service in the subsequent 30 days were recorded. There were no significant differences between the control, 0.5 and 1 mg ODB treatments for either the proportion responding (89.5\%, 89.4\% and 90.9\%, respectively) or returning (52.3\%, 50.3\% and 55.4\%, respectively); however the proportions of cows observed in spontaneous oestrus varied by treatment (P<0.01; 28.5\%, 22.9\% and 17.2\% for control, 0.5 and 1 mg ODB treatments, respectively). Conception rates were not significantly affected by treatment (35.9\%, 42.5\% and 43.2\% for control, 0.5 and 1 mg ODB treatments, respectively). Of cows which did not become pregnant to the induced oestrus, 21.7\%, 20.7\% and 29.9\% for control, 0.5 and 1 mg ODB treatments respectively, returned to service with an interval of more than 24 days. These observations suggest that an injection of ODB at CIDRTM insertion may alter follicle wave patterns in cows with PPA, but that this may not result in increased conception rate, and might be detrimental to ovarian activity in a proportion of cows. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Verkerk GA and Taufa VK and Morgan S and Clark BA and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40993,
	title = {Factors influencing the prevalence of postpartum anoestrus in New Zealand dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {79-81},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to determine the association between age, interval from calving (PPI) and breeding worth (BW) and prevalence of postpartum anoestrus (AA), as well their effect on response to hormonal treatment by anoestrous dairy cows. Individual cow details were collated from 6649 cycling and 2446 AA animals in 29 herds. Probability of AA was influenced by herd and was negatively related to PPI and age (p<0.001); but was not related to BW (p>0.05). Response of AA cows to treatment with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate was evaluated using a subset of 1482 anoestrous cows. Within 7 days of treatment, oestrus was detected in 87.1\% cows and conception rate to insemination during this period was 42.2\%. Oestrous response varied between herds but was not influenced by BW, PPI or age (p>0.1). Conception rate was positively related to PPI (p<0.001), but was not influenced by BW or age (p>0.1). It is concluded that in commercial dairy herds the likelihood of a cow being AA is greatest in young and recently calved animals, but is not influenced by breeding worth.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Rhodes FM and Clark BA and Nation DP and Taufa VK and Macmillan KL and Day ML and Day AM and McDougall S}
}
@conference {40995,
	title = {Manipulating patterns of ovarian follicle development in cattle with progesterone and gonadotrophin releasing hormone to produce oestrous cycles with two or three follicle waves},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {85-87},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {This study tested the hypothesis that oestrous cycles with two follicle waves created using progesterone, could be converted to oestrous cycles with three follicle waves using gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH). Oestrus (Day 0) was synchronised in 24 Friesian cows. On Day 2, a progesterone containing device (CIDR) was inserted into the vagina of 16 cows for 10 days. Eight of these animals received 8{\textmu}g of buserelin (GnRH) at device removal. Eight untreated animals formed the Control group. Daily transrectal ultrasonography showed that the oestrous cycles of the cows treated only with a CIDR device had two ovarian follicle waves compared to 1/8 in CIDR+GnRH and 3/8 in Control groups (p<0.01). The average length of the oestrous cycle was shorter in the CIDR-only group (19.3 {\textpm} 0.5 days), compared to the CIDR+GnRH (20.9 {\textpm} 0.2 days) and Control (22.3 {\textpm} 1.1 days) groups (p<0.05). These results demonstrate that strategic administration of GnRH can convert progesterone induced two-wave oestrous cycles into a three-wave pattern. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Clark BA and Rhodes FM and Burke CR and Morgan SR and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40999,
	title = {Milk progesterone concentrations at selected times following oestrus and insemination in relation to the success of pregnancy},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {95-97},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Positive relationships between concentrations of progesterone in milk and subsequent pregnancy rates suggest that measurement of milk progesterone concentration at selected times following insemination may facilitate identification of cows for strategic progesterone supplementation to enhance the probability of pregnancy. This study investigated some factors associated with variation in milk progesterone concentration. Following a standard oestrus synchronisation treatment with CIDR-BTM devices (InterAg, NZ), cloprostenol (Estroplan injection, Parnell Laboratories NZ Ltd, NZ) and oestradiol benzoate (CIDIROL Injection, InterAg, NZ) every cow artificially inseminated (AI) at 72 h after CIDR-BTM withdrawal (Day 0) was enrolled in the trial. Milk samples (fore-milk: Herd 1, n = 153, Holstein-Friesian; HF; composite: Herd 2, n = 50 HF and 76 Jersey; J) were taken 4, 8 and 22 days after AI to measure milk progesterone concentration. Pregnancy to the insemination was confirmed by rectal palpation 60-70 days later. Lower milk progesterone concentrations were found in fore-milk (Herd 1) than composite samples (Herd 2), but followed a similar pattern of change throughout Days 4, 8 and 22. Neither return to service, nor pregnancy status was associated with altered milk progesterone concentration on Days 4 or 8, but levels on Day 22 were higher (P<0.001) in pregnant cows. Mean milk progesterone concentrations were higher (P<0.001) in J than HF in Herd 2 on Day 8. Absolute milk progesterone concentration on Day 4 or 8 following AI did not predict the probability of pregnancy establishment, but the difference between milk progesterone concentration in the two samples was of predictive value on a herd, but not an individual cow, basis. Milk collection methods and breed effects need to be considered when developing milk progesterone concentration as a predictor of pregnancy establishment. Although the non-parametric analyses showed that non-pregnant animals tended to have lower milk progesterone concentration, the requirement for analysis of at least two samples will limit its use as a practical means to identify the subset of cows for which strategic progesterone supplementation might be considered. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Verkerk GA and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40996,
	title = {Ovarian volume is a predictor of the resumption of spontaneous oestrous cycles but not the response to the treatment of anoestrus.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {88},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {This study examined the use of a classification system for ovarian activity as a predictor for both the spontaneous resumption of oestrous cycles and for reproductive per-formance after treatment for anoestrus.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nation DP and Rhodes FM and Day AM and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40998,
	title = {Some Effects of Using Progesterone and Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone on the Reproductive Performance of Inseminated Cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {92-94},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The administration of progesterone (P4) within 3 days following insemination can reduce pregnancy rates. In contrast, an injection of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) at about 12 or 13 days after insemination can increase them by around 10\%. This field trial tested the hypothesis that the negative effects reported for the P4 treatment on fertility could be eliminated by strategically injecting GnRH to convert the two ovarian follicle waves per cycle created by using P4, into three wave ones, with increased fertility. A total of 830 cows in 13 dairy herds received comparative treatments involving: (i) the insertion of a P4 intravaginal device 2 or 3 days after first insemination (1st insem.) for 10 days, with an injection of 10 mg of GnRH at device removal (P4 + GnRH); (ii) the same GnRH treatment but without P4 pre-treatment (GnRH); and, (iii) no post-insemination intervention (Control). Pregnancy status and conception date were confirmed by rectal palpation of uterine contents Calving data were recovered from 10 herds to monitor gestation length, dystocia and calf birth weight. The conception rates to 1st insem. were highest for the 255 cows treated with GnRH (64\%; p = 0.05), but similar in the other two groups of 273 and 302 cows (57\%). Second insemination results were not affected by the treatments; neither were final pregnancy rates. Birth weights were higher for bull than heifer calves (36.9 vs 33.0kg; p<0.01), but were not affected by treatment. The results of this trial showed that the P4 + GnRH treatment did have normal fertility and that GnRH injected 12 or 13 days after first insemination could increase conception rates. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Taufa VK and Macmillan KL and Day AM and Ashcroft MJ and Morgan S}
}
@conference {40982,
	title = {Use of once daily milking compared with treatment with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate (ODB) in anoestrous cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {44-46},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to compare the rate of resumption of oestrous cycles and fertility to first insemination of anoestrous cows examined 7 days before the planned start of mating (PSM), which were milked once (OAD) or twice daily (TAD) for at least 28 days and untreated or treated with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate (ODB; CIDR). By 28 days after the start of treatment, oestrus was detected in 65.8\%, 76.6\%, 93.5\% and 97.9\% of cows (TAD, OAD, TAD+CIDR and OAD+CIDR, respectively) (p<0.001). Conception rates to first insemination were lower in CIDR treated than untreated cows (40.4\% vs 50.3\%; p<0.05), but were not affected by milking frequency. The mean ({\textpm} sem) interval from PSM to conception was shorter in CIDR treated than untreated cows (12.8 {\textpm} 1.2 vs 19.0 {\textpm} 1.3 days; p<0.001). Daily milk yield decreased by 6.1 {\textpm} 0.2 and 2.2 {\textpm} 0.2 litres; and milk solids by 0.46 {\textpm} 0.02 and 0.19 {\textpm} 0.02 kg (p<0.001) in cows milked OAD and TAD, respectively, over the treatment period. Once daily milking increased the rate of spontaneous resumption of oestrous cycles in anoestrous cows compared with TAD, but was associated with a significant decrease in milk production. Compared to treatment with progesterone and ODB, OAD resulted in a longer interval from PSM to conception. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Rhodes FM and Clark BA and Macmillan KL and McDougall S}
}
@conference {40944,
	title = {Effect of hormonal environment at emergence on persistence of ovarian follicles in cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {239-240},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Reduced fertility often occurs when progestins are used to control the timing of oestrus in cattle and is espe-cially evident when a corpus luteum (CL) is not present in the ovary (Kinder et al., 1996). The lowered conception rates at the synchronised oestrus are associated with the development of abnormally large, {\textquotedblleft}persistent{\textquotedblright} ovarian fol-licles as a result of increased secretion of LH. An under-standing of the endocrine regulation of persistent follicles is essential for development of methods to prevent ovula-tion of this aberrant structure in progestin-based oestrous control systems. The influence of time of luteal regression relative to follicle emergence on persistence of dominant follicles was evaluated in progestin-treated cows.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Day ML and Burke CR and Nation DP and Rhodes FM and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40939,
	title = {Efficacy of an anoestrous treatment for dairy cows is reduced if administered within 3 weeks of calving.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {228-230},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The effect of treating dairy cows with anovulatory anoestrus (n=660) at various intervals post-partum was investigated. Treatment consisted of priming with progesterone using an intravaginal device (CIDR-B) for 6 days, with an injection of oestradiol benzoate 24h after device removal. The mean interval from treatment termination to conception tended to be greater for cows calved less than 3 weeks at diagnosis than contemporaries calved at least 3 weeks (32.8 6.3 vs 23.7 {\textpm} 1.1 days; p<0.1). Final empty rate was higher for cows diagnosed and treated within 3 weeks post-partum (39\% vs 13\%; p<0.001). Survival analysis accounted for the higher empty rate to determine the probability of pregnancy over time. Cows calved less than 3 weeks at treatment had a lower probability of pregnancy than contemporaries calved at least 3 weeks (p<0.01). This study found a negative effect of treating anoestrous cows within 3 weeks post-partum. Further work should define the nature of this problem and the value of delaying treatment until at least 3 weeks after calving. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nation DP and Macmillan KL and Taufa VK}
}
@conference {40940,
	title = {Induction of Parturition in Dairy Cows - A Survey from spring 1996 in the Waikato region.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {231-233},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Data were gathered relating to the practice of induction of premature parturition from farms in the central Waikato during spring 1996. A standard two-injection glucocorticoid treatment regime was employed. The reproductive tract of each cow receiving this treatment was examined 3 - 5 days post partum. Additional information relating to cow management was collected by interviewing participating herd-owners. Preliminary data relating to subsequent reproductive performance of a subset of the cows are also presented. Accurate data were obtained for a total of 691 cows on 31 dairy farms. The mean induction rate was 10\% (range 2 - 24\%) of the cows in each herd. The distribution of the ages of induced cows was skewed, with 25\% of cows being 3 yr old. Of the 35\% of cows which calved to a single injection of glucocorticoid, 76\% were within 30 days of full term based on expected calving dates. Inadequate progress in udder development following the first injection was seen in 11\% of cows, of which 78\% were more than 30 days premature. Only 56\% of cows completed the routine two-injection regime. Dystocia requiring at least moderate intervention occurred in 15 cows (2\%). There were no cows with retained foetal membranes (RFM) on 33\% of farms, but the overall incidence of RFM in cows receiving routine induction was 14\%. No intervention was required for 43\% of these, which resolved spontaneously within 48 h of calving. Milk fever was the complication most frequently reported (overall incidence 2.8\%) and contributed to 3 of the 6 reported deaths. Preliminary data from 11 farms indicated that 7\% of cows were not presented for re-breeding. Only 12\% required treatment for anoestrum. The mean calving to 1st service interval was 64 {\textpm} 2 days, and 53\% had appeared to hold to 1st service. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Verkerk GA and Goble G and McDougall S and Woods M and Clark B and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40942,
	title = {Manipulating Ovaries{\textquoteright} Follicle Wave Patterns Can Partially Synchronise Returns to Service and Increases the Pregnancy rate to Second Insemination},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {237},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The recognised roles of oestradiol in the bovine oestrous cycle include stimulating behavioural symptoms of oestrus, facilitating spontaneous luteolysis and initiating the ovulatory surge of LH. An important ancillary role with progesterone is to inhibit the release of gonadotrophins (Burke et al.,1996). Oestradiol administered by injection or per vaginum can perturb follicle development with consequent effects on responses to superovulation (Bo et al.,1994) and on synchrony patterns (Macmillan et al.,1993). The hypotheses which were tested in the following trial were that injecting a low dose of oestradiol benzoate (1mg ODB) at about mid-dioestrus during the cycle follow-ing first insemination: (i) would not reduce the pregnancy rate to this insemination; but (ii) would alter the pattern of returns to service; and (iii) could affect the pregnancy rate to the second insemination.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK and Day AM}
}
@conference {40943,
	title = {Oestradiol Concentrates the Synchrony Pattern in Heifers Treated with Progesterone and Prostaglania F2alpha.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {238},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Oestradiol has been successfully used to synchronise oestrus and ovulation in anoestrous dairy cows first treated with progesterone for at least 5 days and then injected with oestradiol benzoate (ODB) during the following 24 to 48 h (Macmillan et al., 1994). The ovulatory effects are associ-ated with the ability of oestradiol to induce a surge of LH, especially during pro-oestrus. Although oestradiol has been injected in the period of pro-oestrus following an injection of prostaglandin F2α(PGF), this form of oestra-diol use has not been advocated even though the precision of synchrony is enhanced (Macmillan, K.L.; Burke, C.R.,1996).},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK}
}
@conference {40945,
	title = {The responses of lactating cows treated for anoestrus to an oestradiol capsule or an oestradiol injection.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {241},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Postpartum anovulatory anoestrus is a mjor form of infertility among cows in dairy herds inNew Zealand. The currently recommended treatment involves a 5-day prim-ing with progersterone (P4) released from a CIDR TM device (InterAg, NZ), with a 10 mg gelatin of oestradiol benzoate (ODB) and 1 g lactose capsule (CIDR TM; InterAg, NZ) placed in the grooved surface of the device preceding device insertion, and an injection of ODB (CIDIROLTM ; InterAg, NZ) given intramuscularly at 24 to 48h following device removal.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Taufa VK and Macmillan KL and Nation DP and Day AM and Ashcroft MJ}
}
@conference {40946,
	title = {Use of pregnant dairy cows in product development of the intravaginal progesterone releasing (CIDR) device.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {242},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {This study aimed to confirm that pregnant cows could be used to study release rates of progesterone (P4), the hormone of {\textquoteleft}pregnancy{\textquoteright}, from the CIDR device without compromising pregnancy. The seasonal nature of the New Zealand dairy operation presents only a brief window for large scale CIDR studies, if the treatment system is limited to non-pregnant cows.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Burke CR and Burggraaf S and Bunt C and Rathbone M and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40823,
	title = {An attempt to create an {\textquoteright}anoestrous cow{\textquoteright} model by restricting feed allowances in non-lactating cyclic cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {233-235},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {This experiment aimed to characterise the ovarian response to  reducing live-weight (LWT) with the view of creating nutritional anoestrus  in cyclic cows. The ovaries of 8 non-lactating 3 yr old Friesian cows were  ultrasounded daily during 5 synchronised oestrous cycles (Rounds 1 to 5)  over 12 months. An initial live-weight of 445 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Burke CR and Verkerk GA and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40830,
	title = {Effect of calving liveweight on milk yield and composition and daily dry matter intake in Friesian and Jersey heifers},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {260-262},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Milk yield and composition were measured weekly throughout  lactation, and daily dry matter intake (DMI) on 7 occasions, for Friesian  (n=16) and Jersey (n=16) heifers calving at either high (H) or low (L)  liveweights. During the 8 weeks pre-partum, heifers were fed to achieve  calving liveweights of 404 (H Friesian), 354 (L Friesian), 334 (H Jersey) and  277 (L Jersey) kg. All heifers were fully fed on pasture as one group for the  whole of lactation. Calving liveweight had no effect on average DMI over the season. Average  DMI was higher for Friesians than Jerseys while average liveweight- corrected DMI was slightly greater for Jersey than Friesians. Average daily  milk yields and yields of lactose were lower for L than H heifers. Solids- corrected milk yields and yields of milkfat and protein were unaffected by  calving liveweight, but milkfat \% and protein \% were higher for L than H  heifers. The Friesians had higher milk yields, and yields of protein and  lactose, but lower milkfat \% and protein \% than Jerseys. No effect of restricted feeding during late pregnancy in heifers was  demonstrated on milk solids production in the subsequent lactation.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Mackle TR and Parr CR and Stakelum GK and Bryant AM and Macmillan KL and Auldist MJ}
}
@conference {40822,
	title = {Hormonal induction of oestrus during the early postpartum period and the subsequent effects of nutrition on ovarian activity in dairy heifers},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {230-232},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Our working hypothesis was that a significant period of severe  underfeeding of dairy heifers during early lactation would not prevent the  continuation of normal length oestrous cycles following hormonal induction  of oestrus and ovulation in the early postpartum period (pp; 26.0 ( 0.7 d pp).  Each of 16 Friesians (F) and 15 Jerseys (J) was treated with a CIDR device  for 5 days, with one injection of prostaglandin-F2a the day before device  removal and another injection 1.0 mg oestradiol benzoate 24 h after  removal. The feed allowances of 8 F and 7 J heifers were reduced over the  following 3 oestrous cycles, to a level where live-weights and milk yields  were depressed finally by up to 15\% and 36\%, respectively, compared to  fully fed contemporaries. Ovarian ultrasonography and monitoring of  concentrations of milk progesterone (mP4) during the 1st (Cyc 1) and 3rd  (Cyc 3) oestrous cycles showed that 3 Fs (1 FH and 2 FL) did not respond to  initial treatment, and remained anovulatory throughout. Another 3 heifers (2  FL and 1 JL) became anovulatory after an initial positive response. The size  of the first dominant follicle (DF1) and concentrations of mP4 were reduced  by restricted feeding, but only during Cyc 3. This study has shown that a  hormonal treatment can induce oestrus and ovulation in the majority of  heifers which have been calved between 20 and 30 days. Subsequent  restrictions in feeding level may convert some cycling heifers into an  anoestrous state, although most will continue to cycle.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Burke CR and Macmillan KL and Verkerk GA}
}
@conference {40853,
	title = {Patterns of oestrus vary with different forms of synchrony},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {347-349},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The original objective of a trial conducted in 3 herds of Friesian  heifers was to compare pregnancy rates obtained when each animal was  synchronised and then inseminated at about 50 h after removal of a  subcutaneous ear implant (CrestarTM) or an intravaginal device  (GenermateTM). Because most of the heifers in the CrestarTM group were  in oestrus before any of the herdmates treated with the GenermateTM  system, the CrestarTM treated heifers were inseminated at either 28 h or 50  h after implant removal. Over the 3 herds, 64\% of 153 heifers treated with Crestar were in oestrus by  28 h after implant removal compared to 7\% of their GenermateTM treated  (n=155) herdmates (P<0.01). The average pregnancy rate to first  insemination of 56.3\% was similar for both synchrony treatments, and for  the two insemination times in CrestarTM treated heifers. The earlier onset of oestrus in heifers treated using the CrestarTM system  was possibly associated either with persistent and dominant ovarian  follicles, or to the injected oestradiol valerate producing behavioural  symptoms of oestrus. Nonetheless, inseminating heifers with a shortened  interval to oestrus at 28 h rather than 50 h after implant removal may avoid  reductions in pregnancy rate which occur with inseminations made after the  end of oestrus, or with heifers which ovulate a persistent dominant follicle. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK and Morris GR}
}
@conference {40856,
	title = {Prospects for overcoming the physiological limits of dairy cow fertility},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {355-357},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Conception rates to a single first insemination in cycling dairy cows  often range between 55\% and 75\% . This paper outlines the physiological  processes that define this outcome and where possible gains could be made.  While herd management issues do influence the outcome of a reproduction  progamme quite significantly, the main impetus of this review is to identify  some opportunities that could raise the threshold level of fertility in New  Zealand dairy herds.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Vishwanath R and Xu ZZ and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40854,
	title = {Varying the form of oestradiol administration in anoestrous cows previously treated with progesterone},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {350-352},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The hypothesis tested in this field trial was that 1 mg oestradiol  benzoate (ODB) could be equally effective where administered to  anoestrous animals either by intramuscular injection or in a gelatin capsule  per vaginum. The ODB treatment was administered to 412 cows in 8 dairy  herds 24 h after the end of a 6-day priming treatment with progesterone, also  administered per vaginum. By 48 h after ODB administration, 87\% of injected animals had been  detected in oestrus and inseminated compared to only 44\% of herdmates  receiving the gelatin capsule (P<0.01). Re-examination of those animals not  detected in oestrus by 13 days after ODB treatment showed that 30\% of  capsule-treated animals were still anoestrus and another 10\% had ovulated  without being detected in oestrus. Comparable percentages for the injected  animals were 3\% and 2\% respectively (P<0.01). The vaginal treatment was  also associated with a reduced pregnancy rate to first insemination (31.7\%  vs 47.7\%; P<0.05). The reduced efficacy associated with the vaginal administration of ODB to  anoestrous animals most probably involved a prolonged rate of absorption  which did not stimulate behavioural oestrus or an ovulatory surge of LH but  did reduce fertility in those animals which were inseminated.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK and Day AM}
}
@conference {40671,
	title = {Calving patterns in dairy heifers following single {\textquoteright}set-time{\textquoteright} inseminations and re-synchrony preceding second inseminations},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {70-71},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Retail audit studies were undertaken in both Sydney and Melbourne to   establish benchmarks for quality at the retail level. Midloins were obtained   from ticketed carcasses at 14 retail outlets in Sydney, on 3 occasions (2x3)   during the same week in March 1994. In Melbourne, midloin samples were   obtained from non-ticketed carcasses in 38 and 40 retail outlets in June 1993   and January 1994 respectively. Using an L* value of 32 and a pH value of   5.8 as criteria of acceptability it was found that similar numbers of   unacceptable samples occurred in both cities. Using a Warner Bratzler (WB)   shear force of 5 kg as an indicator of unacceptable toughness, 15\% of   samples from Sydney were unacceptable compared to 5\% in Melbourne.   Carcass age significantly (P<0.001) influenced the WB values for Sydney   samples. When WB values were adjusted to 1 or 3 day old equivalents 27\%   and 6\% exceeded 5kg respectively. The results indicate that management   options (such as aging), and objective measurement of carcass and meat   quality can be applied to increase knowledge and improve the overall quality   of lamb and its reputation with consumers.   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cliff SC and Morris GR and Hook IS and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40674,
	title = {Effect of level of nutrition on age of puberty and reproductive performance of Friesian heifers},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {79-81},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Muscle proteolysis is controlled by a number of enzyme systems. The   reported effects of the calcium dependent proteinases (or calpains) on   myofibrillar structure have led to the speculation that this enzyme system  may   have an important role in regulating muscle growth and the post mortem   ageing process. Although at present there is no clear economic incentive,   meat quality has to be taken into account since the white meats of poultry   and pork are out competing the traditional red meats of lamb and beef.   Meat quality attributes may largely depend on slaughtering and post mortem   ageing regimes, however, variability also originates from the biological   characteristics of muscles which are undoubtedly environmentally and   genetically controlled. The aim of the present experiment is to examine the   effect of genotype, nutrition and their interactions on the calpain system.    Progeny from 3 sire breeds (Texel, Fat Southdowns and Lean Southdowns)   were weaned in December and placed onto one of two growth paths until   May (high (H) or low (L) rate of gain), from May until July these groups   were further divided into groups HH, HL, LL and LH. Animals were   slaughtered at the Ruakura commercial slaughter facility, samples for calpain   analysis were taken from the distal portion of the longissimus dorsi of the   animal within 20 minutes of slaughter. The assays were performed as   outlined by Dobbie et al., (1995).    Calpain-I differed significantly (p<0.05) between genotype (Texel 0.57   SDFat 0.50 SD Lean 0.41 U/g (SED 0.060). Calpastatin was significantly   (P<0.05) affected by plane of nutrition immediately after weaning. (H:2.61   L:2.35 U/g SED 0.126).    The results taken together suggest that complex physiological interactions   exist between genotype and nutrition with respect to the calpain system.   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Penno JW and Macmillan KL and Bryant AM}
}
@conference {40722,
	title = {The effect of stocking rate and breed on the period of postpartum anoestrum in grazing dairy cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {236-238},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The effects of stocking rate (low, L; and high, H), breed (Jersey, J; and  Friesian, F) and age (2, 3, >3 years old) on the intervals from calving to first  ovulation and to first oestrus were assessed in pasture grazed dairy cattle  using a 2 x 2 design. Cows in the FH herd had longer intervals from calving  to first postpartum ovulation (C-ovn1; 49.2 vs 24.7, 31.1 and 29.4 days) and  C-hl (47.1 vs 32.5 days) intervals than older cows, with 3 year old cows  intermediate. The high stocking rate herds had reduced CS, liveweight and  milk production compared to the low stocking rate herds. Condition score  and milksolids production were inversely related to the C-ovnl and/or C-hl  intervals. Increased stocking rates were associated with longer periods of  postpartum anoestrum.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McDougall S and Burke CR and Williamson NB and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40673,
	title = {Effects of breed and calving liveweight on postpartum ovarian activity in pasture-fed dairy heifers},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {76-78},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {There is little information available on the muscle biology of deer and   how this affects meat quality. The reported effects of the calcium dependent   protease system (calpains and their inhibitor calpastatin) on protein turnover   in vivo and myofibrillar structure posts mortem suggest it may have a pivotal   role in regulating muscle growth and meat tenderisation. This study   examines inter-muscle variation in the calpain system under two  physiological   conditions in red deer and its relation to meat tenderness. Nine muscle   samples from 3 stags in rut (IR) and 3 out of rut (OR), were processed for   calpain and calpastatin analysis within 20 minutes of slaughter. Tenderness   of aged muscles was determined by measurement of ultimate shear force.   The majority of the inter-muscle differences in the calpain system were   associated with calpastatin activity. A positive relationship between muscle   calpastatin levels and meat ultimate shear force was found.   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Burke CR and McDougall S and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40655,
	title = {Effects of induced parturition on mammary function},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {21-22},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Four 6.4 ha farmlets each stocked with 24 high genetic merit  Friesian cows were used to determine the effect of nitrogen fertiliser  (N), and a long summer grazing rotation on pasture and milk production  in summer. Treatments were 0 )-N) or 50 kg N/ha (+N) in December,  January and March and a 16 day (16) or 40 day (40) rotation. Treatments  started 15 December, following a two week uniformity period, and ran  until 29 April.    On the 16 and 40 day rotations N increased net herbage accumulation by  0.8 t DM/ha, and milksolids (MS) production by 92 and 38 kg/ha  respectively. Across both nitrogen treatments, the 40 day rotation  increased net herbage accumulation by 1.7 t DM/ha. The MS production  was 39kg/ha greater on the -N40 than the -N16 treatment whereas that of  the +N16 and +N40 did not differ significantly.    The N and long rotation treatments also resulted in higher average  herbage mass and cow condition at the end of the experimental period.  It is concluded that N in early summer and a long summer rotation are  useful management practices to reduce the effects of summer dry periods.   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McFadden TB and Verkerk GA and Clark BA and Hovey RC and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40678,
	title = {Evaluation of {\textquoteright}CONFIRM{\textquoteright} as a method to verify pregnancy in dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {91-93},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A total of 24 mature rams and ewes (>2.5 yrs) from a line selected for  high backfat thickness and an unselected control line were used to investigate  the relationship between maintenance efficiency and body composition in  mature sheep. Over a 6 week period the sheep were fed daily a pelleted  ration at levels to maintain liveweight. At the end of this period the weights  of total fat, carcass lean, viscera and of the empty body (fleece free) were  estimated from X-ray computed tomographic images. After adjustment for  empty body weight the control line required 5\% more feed to maintain  liveweight (P<0.05) than sheep from the fat line and males required 19\%  more feed (P0.05) than females. After adjustment for differences in either  total fat or carcass lean weight, there were no significant difference (P>0.05)  in feed requirements between the lines. This indicated that although a  genetic change in body composition did alter maintenance feed requirements  at maturity, the efficiency of maintaining a unit weight of either fat or carcass  lean remained the same. After adjustment for differences in total fat and  carcass lean weight, rams still required 11\% more feed than ewes to maintain  liveweight. Adjusting for visceral weight had no effect on feed requirements  to maintain the mature sheep. It was proposed that differences in the  turnover rates of adipose tissue or carcass lean contributes to the higher  maintenance feed cost observed for the mature ram.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Henderson KM and Camberis M and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40724,
	title = {Reproductive performance of synchronised lactating dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {242-244},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The objective of this trial was to evaluate the reproductive performance  of lactating dairy cows following oestrous synchronisation with a  combination of progesterone, oestradiol and prostaglandin. Cycling cows in  11 herds were randomly divided, with restriction to age, calving date,  condition score and breed, into synchronised (n=1332) groups. Those in the  synchronised group were each treated with an EAZI-BREED},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Xu ZZ and Burton JR and Burton LJ and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40723,
	title = {Some effects of using progesterone and oestradiol benzoate to stimulate oestrus and ovulation in dairy cows with anovulatory anoestrus},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {239-241},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Anovulatory anoestrus (AA) is a major form of infertility in pasture-  fed dairy cows in New Zealand and is most frequently treated by injecting  equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCF) after pre-treatment with progesterone  (P4). The effectiveness of this treatment varies between herds. Injecting  oestradiol benzoate (ODB) from 24 h to 48 h following PA4 and ODB  priming can also induce oestrus and ovulation in AA cows. Two field trials  compared responses in 572 cows with AA treated with P4 alone, P4 + eCG  and P4 + ODB. The P4 was administered per vaginum for 5 or 7 days using  a CIDR device.   An injection of 1 mg ODB at 48 h after device removal in Trial 1 increased  the insemination submission rate during the following 4 days from 55\%  among cows treated with P4, or P4 + eCG to 75\%, and reduced the incidence  of non-responding cows from 21\% to 3\%. In Trial 2, the comparable results  to ODB treatments were 86\% inseminated and 3\% not responding.   The increased submission rates were not due to the ODB producing oestrus  without ovulation. Consequently, 42\% of anoestrous cows treated with ODB  conceived during the first week of AB, 75\% conceived after 6 weeks of AB  and only 5.5\% were finally not pregnant. Comparable figures for herdmates  treated with P4 but not injected with ODB were 29\%, 66\% and 12\%  respectively.   Injecting a low dose of ODB from 24 to 48 h after P4 pre-treatment can be  used to successfully treat AA in dairy cows.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK and Day AM and McDougall S}
}
@conference {40572,
	title = {Some effects of feeding pasture silage as a supplement to pasture on reproductive performance in lactating dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {95-98},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Supplementation of a ryegrass/white clover pasture diet with pasture  
silage is a common management practice in New Zealand dairy herds.  The  
effect of this supplementation during early lactation on reproductive  
performance has not been investigated.  Five herds of 20 cows were formed  
before calving commenced on June 1 1992.  From August 5 to September 4,  
two of these herds were fed 5 kg dry matter/cow/day of pasture silage in  
addition to the ryegrass/white clover pasture offered to all herds.  Pasture  
silage supplementation did not alter the intervals from calving to first  
ovulation, first oestrus, or to conception.  However, it reduced the first  
service conception rate(37.5\% vs 53.3\%; (sed = {\textpm} 10.0\%), for pasture and  
silage and pasture only cows; respectively). 
 
A positive effect on reproductive performance of pasture silage  
supplementation was not demonstrated in this trial},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McDougall S and Clark DA and Macmillan KL and Williamson NB}
}
@conference {40462,
	title = {The application of controlled calving and breeding programmes to the management of large dairy herds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {87-90},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Human synthetic parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) increased mammary blood flow (MBF) following close-arterial infusion via the external pudic artery of lactating goats. MBF increased 74 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Armer CC and Macmillan KL and Jellie HP}
}
@conference {40465,
	title = {A case control study of anoestrum in New Zealand dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {101-104},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Clumps of mammary secretory epithelial cells were isolated from a lactating sheep udder and their mammary function in vitro was evaluated.  Initially, the cells synthesized and secreted significant amounts of casein, },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McDougall S and Leijnse P and Day AM and Macmillan KL and Williamson NB}
}
@conference {40505,
	title = {Combination treatments for synchronising oestrus in dairy heifers},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {267-270},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Twelve mature Romney ewes were housed and fed to maintain a constant bodyweight for 14 months. Monthly midside samples were collected and individual fibres measured by projection microscope for fibre and medulla diameter. Medullated fibres were observed in fibre diameter classes between 14 and 70 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK and Day AM}
}
@conference {40460,
	title = {Short term changes in selected metabolites in pasture fed dairy cows during peak lactation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {77-82},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Computer-based decision support systems could provide an effective mechanism to facilitate technology transfer to farmers, and also improve the quality of their management decisions. The developers of computer systems, therefore, need to be cognisant of the constraints faced by farmers and the management methods that they use. To assist with the development of an expert system for the drying off decision a mail survey of 250 seasonal supply dairy farmers in five regions of New Zealand was undertaken during the 1992 winter to obtain information on management practices and decision aids used on farms. A response rate of 70\% was achieved. Most (69\%) farmers dried off some cows before drying off the main herd on the basis of age and condition. Final drying off date was most often based on pasture availability, cow conditions and/or the availability of supplements (85\%). Mean pasture cover targets at drying off ranged from 1606 kg DM/ha in Northland to 2129 kg DM/ha in South Taranaki. Most farmers expected pasture cover to increase between drying off and calving. Only 22\% of the farmers formally prepared a feed budget. A condition score target at drying off was given by 56\% of the respondents (of which only 40\% used a 1-10 scale). Computers were owned by 19\% of the surveyed farmers.  Inexperience with computers (60\%), the cost of hardware (40\%), lack of time to learn how to use computers (34\%), no interest in computers (27\%) and the belief that computers could not help management (27\%) were cited as reasons for not owning a computer. The survey results indicate that computer-based decision support systems should be targeted initially at consultants who could provide a "bureau" type service to individual farmers. The present low level of formal feed budgeting limits the utility of decision-support systems that require objective farm data for developing grazing management recommendations.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Kolver ES and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40366,
	title = {Concentrations of oestrone sulphate in milk during pregnancy in dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {17-20},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Host resistance to internal parasites, as measured by faecal egg  count and dagginess was investigated in ram lambs born in the 1981-83  years (approximately generation 3) from the Woodlands selection lines.  Lines were selected for either: number of lambs born, 100 day weight,  hogget fleece weight and a production index in which all three traits  are combined; a fifth line was a randomly selected control. Ram lambs  were drenched with anthelmintic and then exposed to contaminated pasture  for a period of 6-7 weeks and then faecal sampled. Total plasma  protein, albumin and pepsinogen were measured.   The results demonstrated significant variation between selection lines  in faecal egg count, dag score, liveweight gain, wool growth and blood  plasma parameters. Between selection lines, faecal egg count was  positively correlated with liveweight gain (0.95) and wool growth  (0.41). Blood pepsinogen and total blood protein were both negatively  associated with faecal egg count and liveweight gain (correlations of  -0.51 to -0.90).   Using sire variation within selection line (progeny of 65 sires)  produced heritability estimates of 0.13 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Henderson KM and Karanikolas M and Kenealy L and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40402,
	title = {The effect of pretreatment with progesterone on the oestrous response to oestradiol-17Beta benzoate in the post-partum dairy cow},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {157-160},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Crossbreeding with Booroola Merino rams was initiated in 1986 in  Israel to transfer the FecB allele to the Awassi (Aw) and the Assaf (As)  dairy breeds to increase their prolificacy. The prolificacy of the F1  ewes was higher by about 0.6 lambs/ewe lambing (P<0.05) over the  prolificacy of Aw and As ewes. Growth rate up to 150 days of age did not  differ between As, },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McDougall S and Burke CR and Macmillan KL and Williamson NB}
}
@conference {40206,
	title = {Developments in artificial insemination and controlled breeding in dairy cattle and deer in New Zealand},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1990},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {123-134},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A number of techniques for directly manipulating the mammalian   germline have been established in the mouse. During the past five years   these have been applied to domestic livestock but, so far, only   pronuclear microinjection has proved successful. The considerable   resources required and the low efficiency of the procedure are major   limitations and, worldwide, relatively few laboratories have produced   transgenic livestock. In applying rtransgenic technology to farm   animals, a major effort has gone into the manipulation of growth. This   is a complex trait and progress has been constrained by the inability to   control the expression of transgenes in a precise manner, and by the   lack of basic knowledge at the interface between molecular biology and   physiology. By contrast, the production of biomedical proteins from   transgenic animals involves the manipulation of a relatively simple   trait, milk composition. So far, only relatively low levels of protein   production have been reported for transgenic sheep. However, very high   levels of expression of human a1-antitrypsin have been obtained in   transgenic mice, demonstrating the feasibility for this application of   transgenic animals.    },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Asher GW}
}
@conference {40265,
	title = {Effects of varying the progesterone content of CIDR intravaginal devices and multiple CIDR treatments on plasma hormone concentrations and residual hormone content},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1990},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {471-472},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No abstract supplied   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Washburn SP and Henderson HV and Petch SF}
}
@conference {40146,
	title = {CIDR-B for managed reproduction in beef cows and heifers},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1989},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {85-90},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {There is a long-standing disagreement about the influence that feeding has on body composition, particularly in ruminants, yet the problem remains of finding ways to produce lean lambs. This paper attempts to revive the view that feeding can alter, independently, the rate of growth and the relative rate of fattening in sheep. A numerical illustration is given of the relationship between a lamb{\textquoteright}s potential for growth, its feed requirements and the rules it uses to partition feed resources when they are scarce. For simplicity, the feed is considered only in terms of its metabolisable energy; digestible crude protein ratio. Published data are then review to test whether it is reasonable to retain the proposed theory. The review closes with a discussion of our current options and future possibilities for changing body composition by feeding.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McMillan WH and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40147,
	title = {Recent developments in animal breeding programmes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1989},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {91-96},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {An experiment was undertaken to compare the palatability and muscle pH of meat from around 30 lambs per group that had over a 7-week period in early winter either gained 11kg live weight, held weight, or lost 11 kg live weight. The cooked longissimus muscle from the gain and loss groups was tested for shear force value using 10 samples from each lamb in a MIRINZ tenderometer. Mean values of 15.5 and 14.2 force score units were recorded for the two groups respectively on a scale where a value of 40 is bordering on tough. A consumer panel rated roast leg meat for overall score, tenderness and flavour and the meat from all treatments was rated highly satisfactory. Mean ultimate pH values from the lambs on all treatments were low. The results indicate that lamb weight loss per se had no adverse effect on the quality of meat. Weight loss did not differentially remove carcass fat compared with other tissues but the tendency was in this direction.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Thatcher WW and Drost M}
}
@conference {40055,
	title = {Some effects of injecting a prostaglandin F2 alpha (Lutalyse) during the post-partum period on the subsequent fertility of dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {47},
	year = {1987},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {65-68},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The need to determine the scientific base and cost-effectiveness of traditional inspection methods is particularly important in New Zealand, a major exporter of sheep meat. Risk assessment as applied to potential human health hazards in a broad sphere can also be adapted to risk associated with a meat inspection programme. Risk associated with an export inspection programme aimed at maintaining market access must include human health, animal health and aesthetic defects.  A quantitative risk assessment model is described for 2 different inspection methods for liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) in adult sheep.  Unless sensitivity and specificity data are produced, quantitative risk assessments are statistically invalid. Determination of specificity also allows cost-benefit analyses to be correctly performed.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Day AM and Taufa VK and Henderson HV and Allison PA}
}
@conference {40053,
	title = {Trends in monthly milkfat production of cows in seasonal dairy herds in New Zealand},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {47},
	year = {1987},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {57-59},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Changes in shape of the femur and the m. semitendinosus occurring with developmental growth are described. It is shown that three-quarters of growth in muscle volume is consequent upon growth in length of bone, while shape changes in muscle account for only one quarter of growth in muscle volume. Attention to the role of bone is necessary in studies of muscle protein synthesis and muscle growth.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Henderson HV}
}
@conference {40015,
	title = {Effects of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (buserelin) on sheep fertility},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {46},
	year = {1986},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {161-164},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Teaser stags and progesterone-PMS treatments were used to advance the breeding season in non-lactating adult red deer hinds. In Experiment 1, 2 vasectomised stags were run with 39 hinds for 15 d prior to joining with entire stags. More teased hinds (20/39) calved early (11-20 November ) than group of non-teased hinds (5/42). In other experiments, laparoscopy revealed that progesterone + PMS treated hinds ovulated in mid February. Although calves were born as early as 10 October, indicating stags could successfully fertilise a hind in mid February, such treatment did not result in many hinds calving in October. It seems that the stag is sub-fertile in February. Calving dates of contiguous control hinds show that a large proportion were mated 18 to 25 d after the induced oestrus in treated hinds indicating red deer stags can have an effect similar to the {\textquoteright}ram effect{\textquoteright}. Some hinds calving to the induced oestrus produced twins.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McMillan WH and Knight TW and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {39937,
	title = {Effects of varying feeding time on diurnal calving patterns in dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1985},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {35-38},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Season has important effects on reproduction in cows, although they may ovulate throughout the year. During winter, the effects of season delay puberty, prolong post-partum anoestrus and reduce fertility. There are seasonal differences in gonadotrophin secretion, pre-ovulatory follicular development and corpus luteum function. Furthermore, effects of season are more likely to be expressed when factors such as nutrition, age and lactation limit reproduction performance. Significant interactions occur between season and nutrition in the onset of puberty and the length of the post-partum anoestrous interval. In the pasture-based agricultural system in New Zealand, minimum feed supply occurs in winter when season depresses cow reproductive performance. A concentrated calving pattern is essential to improve feeding management and herd performance. To maintain a concentrated calving and high weaning percentage, calving date must be adjusted to reduce the effects of season and improve herd nutrition.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Pearce MG and Copeman PJA and MacDonald KA and Kilgour R}
}
@conference {39884,
	title = {Recent trends in conception rates and return patterns in AB herds and their effects on calving patterns},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {44},
	year = {1984},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {63-66},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The average milkfat test for groups of first Friesian x Jersey (FJ) cows in 9 Waikato herds was 4.68\%, ranging from 4.36\% to 5.46\%. Animals with 75\% Friesian breeding had an average test 0.05\% lower than their first cross contemporaries whereas those with 25\% Friesian breeding had an average test which was 0.25\% higher. Variation in colour and height at withers were not reliable indicators of an FJ animal{\textquoteright}s test. Regression analyses with records of sires{\textquoteright} progeny-tested by the New Zealand Dairy Board from 1961 to 1979 showed that each 1 unit increase in milkfat breeding index (BI) in Jerseys was associated with an increase of 0.85 units in milk BI. The comparable figure for Friesians was 0.55 milk BI units. Since 1961, the average milkfat BI of Jersey sires selected for further use has increased by 24 units (117 to 141) with an associated increase in milk BI of 14 units (114 to 128). Comparable changes for Friesian sires were 17 units (121 to 138) and 6 units (115 to 121). The average live weight at calving over 4 seasons at Ruakura for high BI Jerseys was 385 kg compared to 404 kg for {\textquoteright}AB{\textquoteright} Friesians. The concurrent increases in milk and milkfat BI{\textquoteright}s in the Jersey breed may have been associated with a greater increase in live weight than in the Friesian breed. Owners of herds of FJ cows need not expect substantial changes in milkfat test or live weight through the continued use of Friesian sires to produce replacement heifers.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK and Phillips P}
}
@conference {39886,
	title = {Variations in milkfat test, liveweight, colour and height associated with the use of Friesian sires in some New Zealand dairy herds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {44},
	year = {1984},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {71-74},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Sixteen high (HS) and 16 low (LS) bloat susceptible dairy cows were offered hay or pasture when not lactating and pasture or 75\% pasture 25\% hay when lactating. There were no significant differences between susceptibility groups in voluntary intake or apparent digestibility of DM, OM, nitrogen or energy on either occasion. There was a trend for HS cows to produce less milk of higher fat, protein and lactose content than LS cows. Rumen digesta studies on 5 HS and 5 LS rumen-fistulated, dry, pregnant cows at a maintenance level of feeding indicated that the proportion of digesta lost from the rumen after feeding was higher for LS cows than HS cows on pasture, but not on hay. There was no significant difference between susceptibilities in post-feeding fluid dilution rate. HS cows tended to have higher rumen fluid osmolality and Na concentration during the post-feeding period on pasture, but not on hay.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Henderson HV and Bryant AM}
}
@conference {39821,
	title = {Increasing pregnancy rates in New Zealand dairy cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {43},
	year = {1983},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {53-58},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Data from 4 experiments involving comparisons of cows of high (HBI) and low (LBI) breeding index summarised. In 2 stall feeding experiments, the differences (H-L) in daily intake (kg DM/100 kg LW) were -0.08 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK}
}
@conference {39709,
	title = {Production differences between Jersey and Friesian x Jersey cows in commercial dairy herds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1981},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {48-52},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Duganzich DM and Bryant AM}
}
@conference {39693,
	title = {Factors influencing the interval to post-partum oestrus, conception date and empty rate in an intensively managed dairy herd},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1980},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {236-239},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Clayton DG}
}
@conference {39651,
	title = {Lost potential - a matter of national concern},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1980},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {1-11},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {39682,
	title = {Relationships between milk somatic cell counts, production index and dry cow therapy in seasonal dairy herds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1980},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {180-188},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Duirs GF and Hook IS}
}
@conference {39692,
	title = {Reproductive efficiency in twenty town supply dairy herds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1980},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {235},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fielden ED and Harris RE and Macmillan KL and Shrestha SL}
}
@conference {39671,
	title = {Some factors which influenced knowledge and use of tail painting - A study of extension},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1980},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {118-123},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {39634,
	title = {Calving patterns and herd production in seasonal dairy herds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {39},
	year = {1979},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {168-174},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {39628,
	title = {Factors influencing conception rates to artificial breeding in New Zealand dairy herds: A review},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {39},
	year = {1979},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {129-137},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {39635,
	title = {Interrelationships between somatic cell counts, production, age and mastitis organisms in individual cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {39},
	year = {1979},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {175-179},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Duirs GF and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {39504,
	title = {The Application of oestrus synchronization in New Zealand dairy herds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1976},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {50-57},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Curnow RJ}
}
@conference {39464,
	title = {The inheritance of a A-Pyridine Nucleosidase in bull semen},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {35},
	year = {1975},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {65-70},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Giles KH and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {39441,
	title = {The application of artificial breeding as a reproductive technique in cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {34},
	year = {1974},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {158-166},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {39386,
	title = {Some aspects of Anoestrus in New Zealand dairy cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {33},
	year = {1973},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {87-93},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fielden ED and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {39384,
	title = {Why do bulls differ in fertility?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {33},
	year = {1973},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {49-61},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {39363,
	title = {Breeding Dairy Cattle with Reduced Susceptibility to Bloat},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {32},
	year = {1972},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {96-98},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Reid CSW and Clarke RTJ and Gurnsey MP and Hungate RE and Macmillan KL}
}
