@conference {40762,
	title = {Across breed evaluation of dairy cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {12-15},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = { Genetic analysis of dairy cattle has been undertaken using an animal  model including pedigree records since 1940 and performance records since  1986. The animal model analyses all breeds and breed crosses  simultaneously allowing accurate estimation of hybrid vigour effects for  milk production, liveweight, four survival traits and 16 linear type traits.  The animal model allows the effects of induction, age at calving and herd-  year-season to be taken into account when estimating an animal},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Harris BL and Clark JM and Jackson RG}
}
@conference {40617,
	title = {Predicting the influence of high breeding index dairy sires on farm productivity},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {281-284},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A computer modes was developed to calculate the effect of a sires  
genetic merit on the yields of fat, protein and milk produced by his daughters,  
and on their liveweight, feed requirements and achievable stocking rates.  Herd  
statistics, costs and prices were based on average figures for 1992.  The effect  
of a 1 unit increase in sire Breeding Indexes (BI{\textquoteright}s) for fat, protein and milk  
and a 1 kg increase in average daughter liveweight on marginal farm profit per  
hectare were +$0.48, +$0.98, -$0.36 and -$0.49 respectively in the year of the  
daughters first lactation.  That is, in terms of effects on gross margin per  
hectare, an increase of 1 unit in protein BI (sire) was equivalent to either  
+2 fat BI (sire), -3 milk BI (sire) or -2 kg in average daughter liveweight.   
The net effect of a 1 kg increase in average cow liveweight across a whole herd  
was calculated as being a reduction of approximately $1.30 in marginal profit per  
hectare. 
 
Trends in future yields of milk components were predicted from an on-farm  
(per cow) and an industry (supply) perspective.  These trends were assumed to  
be solely due to genetic improvement and were based on estimated rates of  
genetic gain in both New Zealand (NZ) and the United States of America  
(USA).  Based on these estimates, milk supply to the industry could increase  
between 30-50\% in the next 30 years.  This would require annual processing  
capacity increases in the order of 1.2 - 1.5\% per year.  Over the last 16 years,  
increases in milk supply due to greater yields per cow (genetics + management)  
have only been averaging around 0.6\% per year.  Careful planning may be  
required by the dairy industry in order to cope with future supply increases. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Clark JM and Holmes CW and Garrick DJ}
}
