@article {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Greenhouse gas emissions from New Zealand sheep-and-beef farm systems},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {56-60},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Agriculture was the single largest contributor (48.1\%) to total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in New Zealand in 2017, and sheep and beef livestock systems contributed about 40\% of these emissions. A holistic assessment of the farm-scale drivers of GHG emissions is critical to identifying opportunities to reduce emissions. We used farm-scale models to estimate feed inventories, nutrient flows and GHG emissions for 60 sheep and beef farms. The range in annual GHG emissions (methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) was 189 to 6,362 kg carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalents per hectare, demonstrating the diversity in sheep and beef systems. As stocking rate and animal product (wool + net carcass weight) per hectare increased, GHG emissions increased, although some farms exhibited 50\% higher emissions than others with similar animal product per hectare. The variation in GHG emissions across these farms indicates there is potential to reduce on-farm GHG emissions and remain productive and profitable.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hutchinson KJ and Rennie GM and Vibart RE and Mercer GJK and O{\textquoteright}Neil K and Burtt AN and Chrystal JM and Devantier B and Smiley DR and Taylor AL and Thompson BR and Wall AJ and Dynes RA}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Carbon footprint of two unique farms, compared with industry averages},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {118-124},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Three years of data from a North Island breeding property (Onetai) and a South Island finishing property (Highlands) were modelled in Farmax and Overseer{\textregistered}, to estimate production, profitability and GHG emissions. On an annual basis, each hectare of Onetai averaged more than 100 kg meat and 25 kg of fibre across three years, worth $420/ha. On Highlands, each hectare produced 200 to 327 kg of meat and 20 kg of fibre, with revenue on average $737/ha, but varying between $433/ha in a drought and almost $900/ha in better seasons. GHG emissions (in CO2 equivalents CO2-e) ranged from 3106 to 3302 kg/ha at Onetai, and from 3043 to 5067 kg/ha at Highlands. The dramatic variation on the finishing farm was due to varying numbers of store stock purchased and finished according to available forage. Industry data for similar class farms modelled using the same software averaged around 3600 kg CO2-e /ha. Similar farms ($339/ha) were less profitable than Onetai, and finishing farms were less profitable than Highlands ($467/ha). Per hectare, all farms emitted similar amounts of GHG to literature values, but study farms produced more meat and greater financial returns. Greater efficiency of production is better for the pocket and the planet.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dynes RA and Scobie DR and Vibart RE and Rennie G and Hutchinson KJ and Taylor A and Moss RA and Dennis S and Wall A}
}
@conference {89235,
	title = {Insulin response to a glucose tolerance test in 18-month pregnant heifers as a predictor of subsequent survival},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2013},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {117-119},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {<p>A decline in dairy cow fertility in the USA and in the UK (Beam \&amp; Butler 1999; Royal et al. 2000) has also been noted in New Zealand. Calving rate, the proportion of cows re-calving within the first 42 days of the subsequent seasonal calving period, in New Zealand decreased from approximately 70\% in 1991 to 60\% in 2004 (Harris et al. 2006). There has been no further deterioration in subsequent years.</p>
},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hutchinson KJ and Davis SR and MacKenzie DDS and Blair HT and McNaughton LR and Sanders K and Spelman RJ}
}
@conference {41266,
	title = {The effect of condensed tannins in sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) on the digestion of amino},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {116-119},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Two experiments were conducted in order to compare the effect of condensed tannins (CT) in sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) on the flux of amino acids (AA) through the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. In each experiment, one group of sheep (PEG group; CT inactive) received an intraruminal infusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to inactivate the CT present in the forages, while the other group received an intraruminal infusion of water (Tannin group; CT active). The CT in sainfoin (38.1 g/kg DM) had no significant effect on apparent AA absorption from the small intestine. However, in the sulla-fed sheep, AA absorption in the small intestine was significantly increased by CT (P<0.05; CT = 64.4 g/kg DM). In both forages a shift in AA digestion from the rumen to the small intestine was seen with increased abomasal fluxes of AA in the Tannin group of sainfoin- (92 versus 101 g/day in the PEG and Tannin group, respectively; P<0.05) and sulla-fed (65 versus 83 g/day; P<0.001) sheep. Differences in the digestion and absorption of AA in the two forages may be associated with differences in chemical structure of the CT. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bermingham EN and Hutchinson KJ and Revell DK and Brookes IM and McNabb WC}
}
