@conference {41330,
	title = {Managing dairy calves using continuous stocking and sward surface height - a review},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {124-127},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {The objectives of this review are (i) to examine the role of continuous stocking management in grazing experiments and on farm; (ii) to discuss the measurement of sward surface height; (iii) and to present experimental liveweight gain data obtained from calves continuously stocked from weaning to nine months of age. Sward height can be used as a guide in cultivar evaluations to maintain equal sward conditions between plots and treatments using put-and-take and continuous stocking management. Continuous stocking management can also be used on farm to achieve the recommended liveweight targets for dairy calves. However, further research is needed to determine the optimum sward height for calves. Weaned Friesian dairy heifers continuously stocked from November 2000 to April 2001 at Dexcel, Hamilton, and grazed to a mean sward height of 5 cm, steadily gained 0.8 kg/day, reaching a final mean of live weight of 226 kg at 9 months of age. The average stocking rate over this period was 7.1 calves/ha and the total liveweight gain was 822 kg/ha. These calves achieved the recommended liveweight targets set for replacement dairy heifers. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bluett SJ and MacDonald KA}
}
@conference {41203,
	title = {Heat challenge of dairy cows in the Waikato: a comparison of spring and summer},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {226-229},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {This experiment was carried out at the Dairying Research Corporation, Hamilton, New Zealand, to evaluate the heat challenge imposed on dairy cows during spring and summer. The diurnal temperature profiles of 18 Friesian cows were recorded over five days in November and five days in January. Temperature-humidity index and black globe temperature were used to assess the potential of the environment to induce heat stress. Cows in January had higher maximum (39.5 versus 38.9 {\textpm} 0.09 {\textdegree}C), minimum (37.9 versus 37.6 {\textpm} 0.09 {\textdegree}C) and mean (38.6 versus 38.4 {\textpm} 0.05 {\textdegree}C) daily body temperatures than in November, corresponding with higher ambient temperatures and solar radiation in January. Temperature-humidity indices were highest in January between 09:30 h in the morning and 19:30 h at night and within the range reported to cause mild heat stress in dairy cows (72 to 78). Respiration rate (47 versus 37 {\textpm} 1.4 breaths/minute) and water intake (51 versus 18 {\textpm} 2.3 l/cow/day) were both higher in January than in November. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bluett SJ and Fisher AD and Waugh CD}
}
