@conference {89234,
	title = {Development of ultrasound methodology to measure cow udder cistern storage capacity in the New Zealand pasture-fed context},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2013},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {114-116},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {<p>Studies have demonstrated that, for a given amount of secretory tissue, cows with a proportionally larger cistern produce more milk and are more resistant to the inhibitory effects on milk synthesis of longer milking intervals (Knight \&amp; Dewhurst 1994; Stelwagen \&amp; Knight 1997; Davis et al. 1998). This may be because they can store more milk before milk accumulation begins to inhibit further milk synthesis. Ayadi et al. (2003) demonstrated in a feedlot situation that cisternal volumes can be measured non-invasively using ultrasound technology. Dairy systems based on pasture, such as those in New Zealand, exhibit different challenges to the production of useful data using this technology compared to feed lot systems and the confounding effect of the variability in milking order and the subsequent variations of the intervals between subsequent milking (Molenaar et al. 2012).</p>
},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Molenaar A and Leath SR and Caja G and Henderson HV and Cameron C and Challies M and Taukiri K and Chikazhe T and Kaumoana S and Lannou B and Dorleac A and Guy A and Gavin C and Singh K}
}
@conference {41514,
	title = {Embryo transfer for improved feed conversion efficiency in cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {246-251},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Two experiments were conducted to understand the interactions between calf weaning date, level of nutrition and parasite  challenge. In the first experiment, spring-born calves were weaned at 6 or 9 months of age (early  or late weaning) and subject  to  natural parasite challenge, or natural plus an additional dose of 7500 infective larvae/day. Late weaned calves (with cows) also had  either high or low pasture allowance treatments imposed. When calves were 9 months of age, calf liveweights (kg) were 253, 302 and  277 (SED 3.9) for the early wean/high nutrition, late wean/high nutrition and late wean/low nutrition treatments respectively and high  and low nutrition cow liveweights were 494 and 479 kg (SED 4.8) respectively. At 9 months of age, early weaned calves showed  higher faecal egg counts (P<0.05). Dosing with additional parasitic larvae had no effect on early weaned calves, but lowered late  weaned calf weights. In the second experiment, calves were weaned at 6 months of age or left un-weaned until the age of 9 months  when all calves were slaughtered. Un-weaned calves showed lower gastro-intestinal worm counts than early weaned calves. In both  experiments, late weaned calves showed substantial liveweight advantage and lower parasite burdens. Reducing the nutrition of late  weaned calves and cows reduced the size of this liveweight benefit. Later weaning is a management option for farmers seeking to  reduce reliance on anthelmintic drenches without the associated production loss.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smeaton DC and Scott ML and Webby RW and McGowan L and Cameron C and Brooky A}
}
@conference {41515,
	title = {Factors associated with calving difficulty in embryo transfer mated cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {252-256},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Data were collected from 249 cows over 2 years at Whatawhata Research Centre on pelvic area, weight and breed of embryo transfer mated cow, calf birth weight, breed and a defined calving difficulty score. Cow liveweight and pelvic area were significantly correlated (R2 = 0.56, P< 0.05), but cow liveweight and calf birth weight were not (R2 = 0.07, NS). Cow pelvic area and calf birth weight were also not related (R2 = 0.04, NS). In July of each year, the Jersey cows were 119 kg lighter (P<0.001), had a smaller pelvic area (264 vs. 322 cm2, P<0.001) and more calving difficulties (26 vs. 5\%, P<0.001) than Hereford x Friesian (HxF) cows. Across breeds, pelvic area (P<0.01) and cow liveweight (P<0.001), when fitted individually, were negatively associated with the probability of a cow having an assisted calving. On its own, the impact of calf birth weight was NS, although it explained additional variation (P<0.05) if cow liveweight was in the model. Within the range of calf breeds (NS) we used, we predict that any of recipient breed, cow liveweight or pelvic area (in decreasing order of reliability) could be used to reject cows at ET that might cause problems at calving although errors of estimation will result in wasteful rejection of cows and will not eliminate calving problems. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smeaton DC and Scott ML and Webby RW and Cameron C and McGowan L and Brooky A}
}
