@conference {41826,
	title = {Differences in grazing behaviour and herbage intake between genotypes of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows grazing short or long swards},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {236-240},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {The objective of this work was to compare dry matter intake and grazing behaviour of different strains (S) of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows during early lactation. Three strains of different origin [two 1990{\textquoteright}s genotypes of Holstein- Friesian from Overseas (OS90) or New Zealand (NZ90) origin and a 1970{\textquoteright}s NZ Friesian (NZ70)] were offered low or high pre-grazing herbage mass (HM) (2100 vs 2800 kg DM/ha) at a common daily allowance (35 kg DM/cow) between September and November 2004. Pasture dry matter intake (IT) and digestibility (D) were determined using the n-alkanes methodology. Time spent grazing (GT) and ruminating (RT) were observed for 24 hours. Intake per empty body live weight unit (ILW) and rate of intake (IRATE) were calculated. There was a significant SxHM interaction (P < 0.001) for IT and ILW. IT was similar at low HM across strains, whereas at high HM, a lower IT was recorded for the NZ70 while it was higher for the OS90. At low HM, ILW was slighter lower in the OS90 than in the NZ90 (P = 0.06) while at high HM both NZ90 and OS90 showed a higher ILW. In vivo digestibility was similar across strains but was higher at high HM (P < 0.001). There was a significant SxHM interaction for GT (P < 0.01) with both NZ strains spending more time grazing at low HM, in contrast, GT was similar across strains at high HM. RT was higher for the OS90 strain than for both NZ strains (P < 0.05) and greater at high HM (P < 0.001). There was a significant SxHM interaction for IRATE (P < 0.05) with the NZ90 and OS90 strains showing similar IRATE at low HM but different at high HM. Results indicate a difference in the ability of the strains to adjust their grazing behaviour to different pre-grazing herbage mass.
KEYWORDS: Holstein-Friesian; high-merit dairy cow; intake; grazing behaviour, herbage mass. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Rossi JL and MacDonald KA and Thorrold BS and Hodgson J and Holmes CW}
}
@conference {41511,
	title = {Milk production and grazing behaviour during early lactation of three strains of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows managed in different feeding systems},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {232-236},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {The objective of this work was to compare individual intake and grazing behaviour of different strains of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Strains tested were high breeding worth 1990{\textquoteright}s Holstein-Friesian of overseas (OS90) or NZ origin (NZ90), and a 1970 NZ strain of Friesian (NZ70), farmed under different feeding systems defined by feed allowance per cow per year. Feed allowance ranged from 4.5 to 7.0 t DM cow-1 year-1, based on different stocking rates and supplement inputs. Each system (one strain at one total annual allowance) was managed using a common set of decision rules and all the strains were in similar body condition score (BCS) at calving. Milksolids production, liveweight and BCS were measured routinely, and during September 2002 (55-75 days in milk) daily DMI and digestibility (DMD) were estimated for each cow by the n-alkane method. Grazing behaviour was observed visually.
Daily milksolids yield (per cow and per 100 kg LW) were similar for NZ90 and OS90, which were higher than NZ70 (p<0.01). At the start of the season OS90 cows were heavier (p<0.05) than cows of the other two strains and NZ90 cows heavier (p<0.05) than NZ70 cows, however they were similar in BCS. During September OS90 cows were just slightly heavier than the other two strains (p=0.16), but with lower BCS (p<0.01). Between the start of the season and September, LW and BCS decreases for OS90 cows were significantly higher (p<0.05) than for cows in the other two strains. Slightly higher DMI (per cow and per 100 kg LW) were recorded for the NZ90{\textquoteright}s than for NZ70 and OS90. Grazing time, ruminating time or biting rate was similar across strains. These results suggest that the OS90 was not able to eat sufficient pasture and used more body energy reserves to produce similar MS yield as NZ90. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Rossi JL and MacDonald KA and Thorrold B and Holmes CW and Matthew C and Hodgson J}
}
@conference {41414,
	title = {Forage intake and feed conversion efficiency in high-producing dairy herds in New Zealand: a case study},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {96-100},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {In 1998 a three-year dairy farm monitoring programme was established on twelve dairy farms in the southern North Island of New Zealand where production policy had changed from a focus on high production per hectare through high stocking rates to a strategy based on high production per hectare through enhanced production per cow. Results of the third year for nine of these farms revealed a range of apparent feed intake (50,669 - 70,135 MJ ME/cow/year), milksolids production (372 - 432 kg MS/cow/year) and feed conversion efficiency (6.0 - 7.4 g MS/MJ ME intake). There was a significant positive correlation (R2= 0.57, P<0.05) between annual apparent ME intake per cow and annual milksolids production per cow, with a regression coefficient equivalent to 2.5 g MS produced per MJ ME intake, but a significant negative correlation (R2 = 0.80, P<0.01) between ME intake and feed conversion efficiency. The apparent ME intakes measured were 21\% and 8\% higher than theoretical requirements for the farms with higher and lower (compared to each other) milksolids yield values, respectively. This suggests that the high-performance farms may have wasted more feed. Implications for management of feed resources to optimise efficiency in high-production systems are discussed. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Salles PV and Matthews PNP and Holmes CW and Hodgson J and Shadbolt NM}
}
@conference {41107,
	title = {Brief Communication: The combination of the n-alkanes and the 13C methods as a new tool for estimating individual DM intakes of pasture and maize silage by grazing dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {156-157},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {It is very difficult to measure DM intakes by indi-vidual grazing animals, particularly if these animals are being supplemented as a group, and the individual intakes of both pasture (P) and supplement are of interest. When the supplement is maize silage (MS), the difference in the proportions of the stable isotope 13 C between temperate P and MS could be combined with the n-alkane method for this purpose. The experiment described here was conducted to test this method and also to measure the variation be-tween individual cows in the amount of MS eaten daily.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Garcia SC and Holmes CW and Hodgson J and MacDonald A}
}
@conference {41003,
	title = {The effect of secondary compounds of birdsfoot trefoil and red clover on dairy cow grazing preferences},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {110-112},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The responses of grazing animals to specific plant secondary compounds were examined in trials in which dairy cows grazed spaced plants of either birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) with high and low concentration of extractable condensed tannins (2.54 and 0.62 \% in the DM respectively for high and low tannin genotypes), or red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) with high and low formononetin concentration (0.68 and 0.29 \% in the DM respectively for high and low formononetin genotypes). Plants were established in 4 linear sequences of 26, each providing three blocks (replicates) of balanced sets of 2 plant species, 2 concentrations of test components, and plants either not trimmed or trimmed to minimise physical differences between genotypes within species. The sequences were grazed by four trained cows and selective behaviour was determined by the number of grazing bites per plant. Observations were repeated in March (P1) and April (P2). On average, animals grazed more on non-trimmed than on trimmed plants (7.6 vs 3.1 {\textpm} 0.711 bites/plant in P1, P=0.0001; and 8.4 vs 3.6 {\textpm} 0.858 bites/plant in P2, P=0.0002), but did not show clear discrimination between red clover and lotus (6.3 vs 4.4 {\textpm} 0.711 bites/plant in P1, P=0.053; and 6.3 vs 5.7 {\textpm} 0.858 bites/plant in P2, P=0.620). However, though the distribution of bites between red clover plants with high and low formononetin was similar (7.2 vs 5.5 {\textpm} 0.76 bites/plant in P1, P= 0.130; and 7.3 vs 5.3 {\textpm} 1.08 bites/plant in P2, P= 0.191), they showed strong preference for low condensed tannin concentration in lotus ( 2.1 vs 6.6 {\textpm} 1.11 bites/plant in P1, P= 0.0068; and 3.9 vs 11.1 {\textpm} 1.35 bites/plant in P2, P= 0.069). },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Poli CHEC and Hodgson J and Arnold GC and Cosgrove GP}
}
@conference {40927,
	title = {Cattle diet preference and species selection as influenced by availability.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {197-198},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Diet composition is partly determined by selective grazing. In general, cattle show a preference for a mixed diet (Cosgrove et al., 1996), with partial preference for legumes over grasses (Parsons et al., 1994). This work was conducted to determine if cattle modify their dietary pref-erence as the availability of a preferred species decreases.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Torres-Rodriguez A and Cosgrove GP and Hodgson J and Anderson CB}
}
@conference {40794,
	title = {Effects of condensed tannins on animal performance in lambs grazing Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {118-121},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A comparative study was undertaken in Uruguay from August to early  November 1994 to investigate differences in animal performance between  lambs rotationally grazing mixed swards of annual ryegrass (Lolium  multiflorum) and white clover (Trifolium repens) or Yorkshire fog (Holcus  lanatus) and Trifolium repens. The effects of condensed tannins (CT) on  lamb production were assessed by twice daily oral administration of  polyethylene glycol to half the lambs on each sward combination. Lambs  grazing on Yorkshire fog swards had higher clean wool growth (1470 vs  1280 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Montossi F and Hodgson J and Morris ST and Risso DF}
}
@conference {40834,
	title = {Nitrogen application to dairy pasture - the effect of rate and timing of spring nitrogen applications on the concentration of pasture nutrients},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {276-279},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Nitrogen (N) fertiliser was applied to ryegrass/white clover dairy  pasture in late winter/early spring. Four rates of N (0, 20, 40, 80 kg N as  urea) were applied to pregrazed and premown pasture with a residual  herbage mass of 1000 kgDM/ha-1 (stubble height of 1.5 cm).  Samples were collected from separate 2m2 plots 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after N  application to detect nutrient changes over time from N appli},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Moller S and Edwards NJ and Parker WJ and Hodgson J and Wilson GF}
}
@conference {40795,
	title = {The use of a novel approach to determine the influence of sward characteristics on the discriminatory grazing behaviour of dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {122-124},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Dairy cows were offered choices of patches of vegetation (0.8m2) on a  perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) sward providing combinations of  five levels of sward height (8.9 - 19.6 cm) and three levels of herbage bulk  density (1.3 - 1.6 mg DM/cm3) in linear sequence. Four cows were used,  each of which grazed two out of a balanced set of eight sequences, each  sequence being replicated three times in a set of 27 patches in linear  sequence. Animal responses were monitored in terms of grazing time and  number of bites per patch. Bite number per patch increased from zero to 54 (SEM },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Griffiths WM and Hodgson J and Holmes CW and Arnold GC}
}
@conference {40705,
	title = {Grazing behaviour of alpaca and sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {183-185},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Differences between breeds in seasonal breeding activity have been  linked to seasonal shifts in both LH levels and the magnitude of oestradiol  negative feedback. Studies were undertaken to determine the endocrine  differences in ewes of the same breed with high or low breeding values  (BVs) for date of lambing.   Forty-eight ewes (24BV- early lambing and 24BV + later lambing) were  selected from the flocks and 16 ewes (8 of each BV class) were  ovariectomized (ovx) and implanted with silastic implants containing  oestradiol- 17Beta. All ewes were bled 2 x week for a 12 month period  commencing in November to provide data on basal LB. The ovx ewes were  subjected to rapid sampling (every 20 min for 24 h) using automated  sampling equipment, on 5 occasions approximately 1 month after each  equinox and solstice in that year and samples were analysed for LH pulse  frequency.   Basal LH levels showed a seasonal shift with the ovx ewes having a greater  amplitude of change than the entire ewes. LH levels in the ovx ewes were  lower in November to January, and higher in March, April, May and June;  and lower again in August, September, October than in entire ewes. There  was no evidence of a major difference in pattern due to BV. In the ovx ewes  the values for the BV- animals tended to be lower than those for the BV+  ewes during March through July.   At the initial rapid bleed no animals showed pulse activity. In April the BV-  group had more pulses per 24 h (6.0 v 2.8). In July there was no difference  in proportion having pulses (8/8) nor in the pulse frequency (5.3 v 5.6/24 h).   In October the BV- animals had a higher pulse frequency (2.8 v 1.0), while  the proportion of animals (3/8) exhibiting pulses was the same. More BV-  ewes had pulses in January (6 v 3) and of those with pulses the BV- group  had higher frequency (7.7 v 4.7).   These data confirm the seasonal shifts in basal LH levels and in LH pulse  frequency. Selection for earlier lambing had no effect on the pattern of basal  levels. In the ovariectomized ewe the differences in LH pulse frequency due  to BV detected in October and final bleed in January were not as marked as  expected for the differences in the breeding activity of the two flocks but  they confirm that differences in sensitivity to oestradiol 17Beta negative  feedback are associated with differences in the onset of breeding season of  ewes selected for earlier lambing within one breed. It would appear that  selection for earlier lambing has disturbed the association between day length  and LH pulse activity and the sensitivity of the pituitary to GnRH.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Sharp P and Knight TW and Hodgson J}
}
@conference {40568,
	title = {Effect of contrasting spring grazing management on summer-autumn pasture and milk production of mixed ryegrass-clover dairy swards.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {79-82},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Research at Massey University has shown that a spring grazing  
management laxer than the conventional intensive grazing allowing some 
early ryegrass seedhead development before close grazing at anthesis 
("Late Control") may result in improved summer-autumn pasture production.   
Comparisons between conventional and late control spring grazing  
managements for dairy cows were carried out, on a paddock scale, during  
1992/93.  Late control swards showed enhanced dry matter production before  
(24.5\% increase - P<0.05) and after (32.0\% increase - P<0.10) the control  
grazing in early December.  Concomitant measurements of animal performance  
revealed that the increased pasture production during the summer-autumn  
period could be effectively converted into milk by dairy cows, and resulted 
in an increase in milk-solids production of about 10\% per cow (P<0.10).  The  
implications of these results to dairy management systems are discussed in 
the context of pasture responses to spring management and alternative  
conservation strategies. 
 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Da Silva SC and Hodgson J and Matthews PNP and Matthew C and Holmes CW}
}
@conference {40566,
	title = {Herbage intake, ingestive behaviour and diet selection in sheep grazing Holcus lanatus and perennial ryegrass swards},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {71-74},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Grazing behaviour, diet selection, and herbage intake of ewes in mid- 
pregnancy were studied on perennial ryegrass/white clover and <I>Holcus  
lanatus</I>/white clover swards rotationally grazed at medium and high 
allowances (6\% and 12\% of liveweight as herbage dry matter respectively) 
during late autumn.  Estimates of herbage mass and sward height before 
grazing were similar for the two pasture types. 
 
Animals on both pasture types concentrated grass rather than clover in the diet,  
and extrusa samples from both showed evidence of limited concentrations of  
condensed tannins.  Herbage intake was 28\% higher from ryegrass than from  
Yorkshire fog swards (1410 vs 1100 {\textpm} 29 g DM/day) and 19\% greater at high  
allowance (1370 vs 1150 {\textpm} 50 g OM/day).  Bite weight was 61\% greater for  
Yorkshire fog than for ryegrass (139 vs 86 {\textpm} 7.0 g OM/bite) and 30\% lower for  
medium allowance than for high allowance (90 vs 130 {\textpm} 7.0 mg OM/bite).   
Grazing time was higher on ryegrass swards and for medium allowance (610 vs  
500 {\textpm} 34 mins and 620 vs 495 {\textpm} 27 mins) whereas differences in rate of biting  
were small.  There was a small advantage in the organic matter digestibility of  
the herbage selected in favour of ryegrass swards (85.7 vs 82.2 {\textpm} 0.3\%), while  
no differences were found between herbage allowances. 
 
It is concluded that herbage intake was influenced more by nutritional than by  
behavioural constraints, but that these effects need to be investigated in 
animals of higher production potential and nutrient demand. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Montossi FM and Hu Y and Hodgson J and Morris ST}
}
@conference {40382,
	title = {Growth and venison production from red deer grazing either red clover or perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {81-84},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Computers will become an increasingly important tool in animal  management, as well as in most other areas of agricultural endeavour.  Computers are commonly used for recording and analysing both research  and centrally located production data, but seldom for on-farm use. This  discussion concentrates on the traits that can be recorded at the farm  level, and how these records can be used. System specifications for  successful on-farm use are also outlined.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Semiadi G and Barry TN and Wilson PR and Hodgson J and Purchas RW}
}
@conference {40307,
	title = {The effect of three allowances of red clover on Red deer fawn growth and liveweight change in lactating hinds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1991},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {185-188},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The binding of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) of predetermined  specificity to growth hormone (GH) can result in significant enhancement  of the biological activity of the hormone in vivo. The  topographic region on GH associated with the enhancement phenomenon has  been localised to two proximate sites on adjacent loop regions by  extensive peptide synthesis (sequences: 35-53 and 134-154). The  application of these observations of GH and (ii) increased production  parameters following administration of particular antibodies. The  latter aspect has now been demonstrated in a number of animal models by  the passive vaccination of animals with purified anti-peptide antisera  or monoclonal antibodies. Production parameters affected in such  experiments include growth rate, fat metabolism, diabetogenic activity  and lactation in ewes. At the present time, it has been shown that  peptide sequence 134-154 will elicit up to 80\% high titre, immuno-  positive responders in sheep. Monitoring the growth rate and other  production parameters of lambs vaccinated with sequence 134-154  indicates improved growth and total protein characteristics. These  observations, in conjunction with the development of methodologies for  effective autoimmunization of animals, may provide a basis for the  design of peptide vaccines to improve animals, may provide a basis for  the design of peptide vaccines to improve animal production.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Niezen JH and Barry TN and Hodgson J and Wilson PR and Holmes CW}
}
@conference {40303,
	title = {The effect of varying leafy sward height and bulk density on the ingestive behaviour of young deer and sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1991},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {159-166},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {In dairy animals, the development and secretory activity of each  mammary gland in the udder is regulated independently by local  mechanisms sensitive to the frequency and efficiency of milk removal.  Acute regulation of milk secretion occurs through autocrine inhibition  by a secreted milk constituent, which may act by modulating the  sensitivity of the tissue to circulating hormones. Sustained changes in  milking frequency or efficiency are associated with modulation of  secretory cell differentiation and, ultimately, the number of secretory  cells. Elucidation of these local intra-mammary mechanisms offers the  prospect of controlling milk secretion in a novel and more specific  manner than has hitherto been possible.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Mitchell RJ and Hodgson J and Clark DA}
}
@conference {40302,
	title = {The influence of sward structure on peak bite force and bite weight in sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1991},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {153-158},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The effects of oxytocin and bovine somatotropin (BST) on  production of cows milked once a day (OAD) were assessed in late  lactation. Seventy four cows were milked OAD for 28 days including 7  days adaptation, 14 days treatment, and 7 days post-treatment.  Treatments were OAD controls, OAD plus 5 i.u. oxytocin injected  intravenously each day or OAD plus 20 mg BST injected subcutaneously  each day. An additional 20 cows were milked twice a day (TAD)  throughout the trial.   Production of OAD cows averaged 11\% less than that of the TAD controls  during the first week of OAD milking. Milk yield was significantly  increased by 13\% in BST treated cows but was not affected by oytocin.  Cessation of both treatments resulted in a reduction in yield compared  to the OAD and TAD control groups. The failure of oxytocin to increase  yield was not in agreement with previous results, possibly due to a  lower dose rate of oxytocin in the present trial. Increased yields in  BST treated cows suggested that udder capacity was not constraining  yield and that BST may override the inhibition of milk secretion which  occurs with extended milking intervals.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hughes TP and Sykes AR and Poppi DP and Hodgson J}
}
@conference {40191,
	title = {Plants for grazing systems},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1990},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {29-34},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The somatotrophic axis has a major effect on lean growth in a   number of species. GH, the main hormone of the somatotrophic axis, is   controlled by growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin. GH can   act directly on fat by increasing lipolysis, but its main anabolic   effects are on muscle and bone via the Insulin like growth factor-I   (IGF-I). IGF-I stimulates amino acid uptake into muscle in vitro   but does not necessarily promote growth if given in vivo. The   reason for this is that GH is now considered to control circulating IGF-   I as well as local tissue production of IGF-I, the dual effector theory.   This theory proposes that GH not only controls IGF-I production but   controls differentiation of cells so that they can respond to the   mitogenic effects of IGF-I. Insulin is another anabolic hormone which   is affected by GH. Insulin, unlike GH, stimulates fat deposition,   although it also increases protein accretion. The manipulation of the   growth hormone axis by immunological procedures, selection or genetic   engineering may provide an economic way for NZ farmers to increase the   production of lean meat.    },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hodgson J}
}
@conference {40228,
	title = {Responses in venison production to grazing pastures based upon perennial ryegrass or annual ryegrass and to immunisation against melatonin},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1990},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {279-286},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Annual patterns of fur growth are described from captive possums   skin biopsied at three-weekly intervals between April 1985 and May 1987.   Counts of hair follicles showed that follicle activity was poorly   synchronised between individual possums, with maxima occurring mostly in   spring and summer. No more than 40\% of follicles sampled were active at   one time in any individual. Derived follicles continued to develop in   adult animals, increasing the follicle population by 23 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Ataja AM and Wilson PR and Hodgson J and Hoskinson RW and Purchas RW and Varela-Alvarez H and Barry TN}
}
@conference {40135,
	title = {A study of early venison production from grazing red deer},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1989},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {25-28},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Gene maps of livestock will play an important role in the development of new animal breeding technologies based on molecular techniques. The current status of the bovine gene map is reviewed and various methods of mapping genes are discussed. The task of constructing the bovine gene map will be aided by the conservation of chromosomal segments amongst mammalian species. In particular, the detailed maps of man and the mouse can be used to rapidly establish a provisional, but extensive bovine gene map.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Ataja AM and Wilson PR and Purchas RW and Hodgson J and Barry TN and Hay RJM}
}
@conference {39892,
	title = {Sward conditions, herbage allowance and animal production: an evaluation of research results},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {44},
	year = {1984},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {99-104},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Sixteen kids, 16 lambs and 16 calves approximately 4 months of age were allocated at random in balanced groups of 4 per species at a common allowance to 4 herbage masses (1800, 3000, 3900 and 5000 kgDM/ha) on a ryegrass white clover sward. A further calf, lamb and kid and a mature goat and ewe, fitted with oesophageal fistulas, grazed continuously with their own species at each herbage mass during the 8 day trial. These fistulated animals were randomly relocated to herbage masses every 2 days so that individuals sampled each herbage mass. On similar swards the diet of the lamb contained a greater proportion of clover (+0.23) and a smaller proportion of grass (-0.19) and dead material (-0.03) than the calf. The diet of the kid was intermediate between that of the lamb and the calf. The extent of dietary overlap suggests the species are in a major way competitive rather than complementary when grazing intensively managed swards. While older goats consumed a diet similar in composition to the young goat, older sheep consumed more dead material than lambs, although the proportions concerned were small. There was no difference in the in vitro digestibility of the diet selected by young goats, lambs and calves even though there were differences in botanical composition of the diet selected among the species.  The in vitro digestibility of the diet selected was not affected by age of animal.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hodgson J}
}
