@conference {41552,
	title = {The cost of alleviating the pain caused by the castration of beef calves},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {123-126},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {  The pain caused by husbandry procedures such as dehorning or castration is of concern to those with an interest  in animal welfare. In the future farmers will be encouraged and perhaps obliged to provide analgesia for animals  subjected to these procedures. In New Zealand in the last decade veterinarians have developed a service for disbudding  dairy calves using the sedative xylazine and local anaesthesia and this has become popular with some dairy farmers.  This paper reports a financial analysis of the impact to the individual farmer and nationally of using different forms of  analgesia when castrating calves. Four scenarios and their costs were analysed: (1) the status quo ($0.28/calf); (2) the  use of local anaesthesia with increased labour costs ($1.56/calf); (3) the use of local anaesthesia plus systemic analgesia  with increased labour costs ($5.45/calf); and (4) the employment of a veterinarian to do the castration ($9.39/calf).  National costs ranged from $160,000 to $5,368,700 ($10 to $351 per farm) for the four scenarios. The proposed  scenarios were more expensive than the status quo but were still small relative to average total farm costs, i.e. $170,974  on New Zealand sheep and beef farms in 2001-02. These figures do not include any allowance for the cost of the  inconvenience of having to organise husbandry activities around veterinary visits. Farmers may resist the imposition any  of these 3 scenarios. In future the use of analgesics may become standard farm practice.   

},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Stafford KJ and Mellor DJ and Dooley AE and Smeaton D and McDermott A}
}
@conference {41475,
	title = {Can we use change in core body temperature to evaluate stress in sheep?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {72-76},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Physical and psychological stressors are known to cause a transient increase in the core body temperature of mammals. We hypothesized that rise in core body temperature could be used to indicate the intensity of stress experienced by sheep. Based on established indices of stress, we ranked five treatments from very low to severe stress as follows: Holding with flock mates, Human presence, Visual isolation, Capture and inversion, and Simulated shearing. Change in core body temperature was measured remotely using thermal sensors placed in the ear canal of the sheep. Maximum change in core body temperature (p=0.08) and the area under the core temperature change curve (p=0.09) allowed differentiation of the least and most stressful treatments: Holding with flock mates and Simulated shearing. The intermediate treatments could not be differentiated using change in ear canal temperature. Therefore, given the levels of statistical significance, our hypothesis that stressors of different intensities could be discriminated by changes in ear canal temperature was only partially supported. Reasons for the inability to discriminate between all treatments include a lack of sensitivity of change in ear canal temperature as an index of stress, high individual variability in responses to stress, and thermal sensor malfunction. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Beausoleil NJ and Stafford KJ and Mellor DJ}
}
@conference {41523,
	title = {Justifying the appropriate length for docking lambs{\textquoteright} tails - a review of the literature},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {293-296},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {It is generally accepted that tail docking is beneficial in farming systems where sheep are predisposed to dag formation and flystrike, but that it is a stressful procedure. Although there have been many studies of tail docking, relatively few have looked at the effects of different tail lengths. The incidence of flystrike depended on tail length, being least in medium-, and greatest in short-tail docked sheep. Short-tail docked ewes had higher rates of carcinoma of the vulva and short-tail docked lambs had a greater incidence of rectal prolapse. In some cases, increased tail length was associated with increased dags, and with longer tails crutching and shearing effort was greater. There apparently have been no studies documenting the effects of docking at different lengths on the welfare of the lamb at the time of docking, on muscle anatomy, or on defecation and urination. Furthermore, the results obtained in some studies were confounded by differences in breed (e.g. Merino) and mutilations (e.g. mulesing), which question the validity of extrapolating their conclusions to New Zealand conditions. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW and Gregory NG and Kent JE and Scobie DR and Mellor DJ and Pollard JC}
}
@conference {41390,
	title = {Analgesia for velvet antler removal},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {372-375},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {This paper briefly reviews methods for analgesia of the velvet antler. Injection of 2\% lignocaine hydrochloride (L) provides the most rapid and repeatable analgesia when given as a "high" dose ring block (1 ml/cm pedicle circumference). A "low site" regional nerve block has a long latency and low repeatability while a "high site" regional block also has a long latency but gives more repeatable analgesia after 4 minutes. Comparison of the dynamics of the alternative local anaesthetics showed L to have a mean analgesia onset time of 31 seconds and duration of 88 minutes. Mepivacaine (M) had a similar onset time, but a duration of 270 minutes, while two formulations of bupivacaine (B) had onset times averaging 48 and 87 seconds, and duration 270 and 460 minutes, respectively. Combinations of L+M, L+B and M+B had onset times equivalent to the most rapidly-acting component and duration equivalent to the longest-acting component. Electronic analgesia provides insufficient and non-repeatable analgesia and its application is a noxious stimulus in itself. Compression bands are approved in yearling stags in New Zealand. The effectiveness and possible aversiveness of high pressure compression bands on adult stags is under investigation. Pain and its control after antler removal, are yet to be studied comprehensively. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Wilson PR and Bartels MM and Stafford KJ and Mellor DJ}
}
@conference {41387,
	title = {Analgesics: what use are they in farm animals?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {359-362},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {<p>The use of analgesic drugs in veterinary practice is increasing, particularly in companion animals. However, farm animals often suffer from conditions (such as foot rot), or are subjected to operations (such as dehorning), which are likely to be painful. Assessment of pain in farm animals can present difficulties and analgesic drugs have not been investigated in any systematic way. Most assessment of analgesic drugs in ruminants has been carried out using experimental models of pain rather than clinical cases. Some indications for analgesics are obvious, such as castration and dehorning. Others are not so obvious, such as mastitis, which is very painful in women, and presumably in cows. Animals in pain are likely to be less productive and there is good evidence that chronic pain will change an animal{\textquoteleft}s metabolism adversely. Valid reasons for not using analgesics include cost and concerns about residues, which ultimately also means cost. There are several different classes of analgesics, with different attributes. Local anaesthetics are cheap, but short acting. Residues in food have not been an issue in the past, but concerns have been raised in Europe about some metabolites being carcinogenic. Morphine-type drugs are cheap, but less effective in ruminants than other species, are likely to cause residues in food and are strictly controlled by law. Adrenergic alpha-2 agonists are effective, but also cause sedation. Residues can be managed by relatively short withholding times. Probably the most effective analgesics for ruminants are the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ketoprofen. These have long withholding times for meat, but zero for milk.</p>},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Chambers JP and Stafford KJ and Mellor DJ}
}
@conference {41386,
	title = {Monitoring pain in animals using behaviour},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {355-358},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {The behaviour of an animal is used to identify and evaluate pain. However, simple active behaviours may not be sufficient for these purposes. Several different scales and experimental protocols have been developed for use in clinical and experimental circumstances. The use of control groups and different analgesic treatments has allowed the identification of behaviours related to particular painful stimuli. Pain threshold monitoring, self-administered analgesic trials and choice tests are furthering our understanding of an animal{\textquoteleft}s response to painful stimuli and procedures. These protocols combined with physiological, immunological and production indices are allowing for a better understanding of the effects of painful stimuli on animals. However, the interpretation of behaviour remains difficult and evaluating pain in a non-human species remains controversial. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Stafford KJ and Mellor DJ}
}
@conference {41385,
	title = {Physiological indices of pain-induced distress},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {351-354},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {<p>To date, most assessments of the pain and distress caused by dehorning of calves and castration plus tail docking of lambs have employed changes in plasma cortisol concentrations. Although this approach can aid selection of the most appropriate methods in animal welfare terms, the use of cortisol as the sole physiological index allows conclusions to be drawn only about those features of acute responses to treatment which are reflected in plasma cortisol concentrations. Accordingly, in addition to the well-established cortisol responses to these treatments, that last hours, we now report on adrenaline responses that last minutes, and noradrenaline responses with an intermediate duration are described. Blood pressure, heart rate, adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol responses to ring castration plus tail docking of lambs are described, and their relative sensitivity as indices of low-grade pain as the acute responses to treatment wane are considered.</p>},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Mellor DJ and Stafford KJ}
}
@conference {41205,
	title = {Behaviour response of calves to amputation dehorning with or without local anaesthesia},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {234-236},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {This study tested the hypothesis that the expression of some specific behaviours of calves following amputation dehorning is modified by use of local anaesthesia such that their behaviour is similar to calves which were not dehorned, during the period of action of local anaesthesia. The hypothesis was not supported and the behaviour of calves given local anaesthesia was similar to animals dehorned without anaesthesia during the two hours after amputation dehorning and not similar toanimals which were not dehorned. It is possible that the behaviours which were monitored (feeding, rumination, grooming,lying down, ear-flicks, head-shakes, tail-shakes) were not relevant to the pain experienced by calves after dehorning.However, there were significant differences between the behaviour of control animals and those that were dehorned. Thephysical change caused by dehorning and the bleeding that occur afterwards may influence these behaviours so that the additional effect of the pain caused by amputation does not modify it further.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Stafford KJ and Mellor DJ and Ward RN and Cann B}
}
@conference {41204,
	title = {Short-term physiological effects of refeeding 5 to 10-day-old calves after fasting and transport},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {230-233},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {The short-term physiological responses of 5 to 10-day-old calves to refeeding after 30 hours without food and up to 12 hours of transport were assessed by monitoring packed cell volume and plasma concentrations of total protein, glucose, triglycerides, urea and lactate. Samples were taken immediately before refeeding after three and 12 hours of transport and at the end of 30 hours without food, and in each case three hours later. Refeeding after fasting caused replenishment of plasma glucose concentrations to control levels and in some cases beyond. It was suggested that the overshoot in glucose concentrations, when it occurred, may have been caused by a temporary increase in insulin resistance as a result of metabolic adaptation to starvation. Refeeding after 12 hours transport also resulted in increased glucose concentrations. Thus, refeeding after transport and starvation was beneficial to the calves as it enabled rapid replenishment of depleted energy reserves. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Todd SE and Mellor DJ and Stafford KJ and Gregory NG and Bruce RA and Ward RN}
}
@conference {40667,
	title = {The behaviour of calves tail docked with a rubber ring used with or without local anaesthesia},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {58-60},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride in blood plasma  were compared in two genetically distinct herds of Angus cattle. Any   concentration differences between the herds should indicate a realised  genetic response to selection for yearling weight.    Seventy-four yearling Angus cattle from the Waikite weight selection and   control herds were blood sampled after a 24-h fast in July, September and   November 1993 (heifers twice, bulls three times; n=178 samples). Plasma   cholesterol concentrations averaged 2.73 and 2.91 (s.e.d. 0.08) mmol/l in the   two herds, respectively (P<0.05), and triglyceride concentrations averaged   0.296 and 0.316 (s.e.d. 0.015) mmol/l, respectively. There was a 30kg   (14\%) difference in yearling live weight between the two herds (P.001).   Both metabolites showed moderate between-animal repeatabilities,  0.52+0.11 and 0.37+0.16 respectively, and there was a positive phenotypic  correlation of 0.40 between cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations  within herds.    These results show that a 14\% higher weight-for-age as a result of selection   was associated with a 6\% lower plasma cholesterol concentration. This was   consistent with our previously observed cholesterol difference in cooked beef   from the same herds.   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Petrie NJ and Stafford KJ and Mellor DJ and Bruce RA and Ward RN}
}
@conference {40486,
	title = {Castration, tail docking and dehorning - What are the constraints?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {189-196},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Three experiments were undertaken to investigate the possibility that forages containing condensed tannins (CT) may affect nematode parasite burdens and their significance in lambs. In the first trial, lambs were infected with a single dose of 15000 Ostertagia circumcincta and 15000 Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective lavae. Those fed Lotus pedunculatus with or without polyethylene glycol (PEG) had lower faecal egg counts, higher liveweight gains and higher faecal dry matters than lambs fed ryegrass with or without PEG (P<0.05). In the second experiment, lambs with a low, mixed natural worm burden were grazed on sulla (Hedysarium coronarium), a CT containing legume, or lucerne, for 28 days. Lambs drenched with anthelmintic and fed sulla grew faster than those fed lucerne (321 v 215 g/day P<0.05) whilst undrenched lambs had similar growth rates on both species (250 v 220 g/day). In the third experiment, heavily parasitized lambs sired by rams selected for low faecal egg count (resistant) or conventional rams (non-resistant) were grazed on lucerne or sulla for 28 days. When anthelmintic drenches were withheld, the non- resistant sired lambs grew faster on sulla than lucerne (231 v 28 g/day; P<0.0001), as did the resistant sired lambs (181 v 72 g/day; P<0.001) respectively. Drenched non-resistant sired lambs grew faster on the sulla than on lucerne and faster than the resistant sired lambs. These results suggest that forages containing condensed tannins may have an important role to play in developing lamb production systems with less reliance on anthelmintic use for parasite control.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Stafford KJ and Mellor DJ}
}
