@conference {4183,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Livestock welfare during transport in New Zealand: Rethinking stock crate design},
	booktitle = {Hamilton},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2025},
	pages = {20-22},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {<p>This brief communication summarises findings from a review of New Zealand transport stock crates. The "one-size-fits-all" approach to multi-purpose crates does not adequately address species-specific behavioural and physiological needs, making it difficult for transport operators to meet animal welfare standards. Issues identified included insufficient ventilation, headspace and weather protections, steep ramps and flooring materials that are not fit-for-purpose. Government and industry standards are out of step with current science and urgently need to be reviewed to improve livestock welfare during transport. Key research gaps must be addressed to inform new and revised standards before any changes are made to future proof crate designs. As the transport industry bears much of the pressure, greater accountability is needed across the entire supply chain. Collective action and system-level change is critical to ensure the long-term sustainability of New Zealand{\textquoteright}s livestock transport industry.</p>
},
	keywords = {animal welfare, livestock, stock crate design, transport},
	author = {M. Stewart and J.R. Tacon}
}
